{"ID":52796,"name":"Michigan v. Clifford","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1983\/82-357","view_count":0,"docket_number":"82-357","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Michigan","second_party":"Raymond Clifford and Emma Jean Clifford","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[434178000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34575"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[442648800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34576"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EEarly in the morning of October 18, 1980, a fire was reported at the Clifford residence in Detroit, Michigan. The Cliffords were out of town, so the Detroit Fire Department arrived, extinguished the fire, and left by around 7 a.m. An hour later, the fire investigator received a notice to inspect the house for evidence of arson. When he and his partner arrived on the scene at 1 p.m., they found a work crew from the Cliffords\u2019 insurance company that the Cliffords had contacted to secure the house. When the work crew had cleared the basement, the fire investigators began to inspect it without obtaining either consent or a warrant. They determined that the fire had started in the basement, where they found several fuel cans and a crock pot attached to a timer, all of which was seized as evidence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERaymond and Emma Jean Clifford were arrested and charged with arson. At the preliminary examination held to determine probable cause, they moved to suppress the evidence as the products of an illegal search made without warrant or consent. The motion was denied. Prior to the trial, there was an evidentiary hearing to determine the admissibility of the evidence, and it was admitted because there were exigent circumstances surrounding the search. The Michigan Court of Appeals reversed and held that there were no exigent circumstances that justified the search.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Fourth Amendment allow for arson investigators to inspect the scene of a recent fire without a warrant in the absence of exigent circumstances and consent?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. delivered the judgment of the court in an opinion for a four-justice plurality. The Supreme Court held that that a reasonable expectation of privacy remains within a burned building. While the fire department does not need a warrant to fight the fire, any further official presence on the property must have a warrant. Whether the search is to identify the cause of the fire or to look for evidence of criminal activity will determine the type of warrant the fire department needs to obtain and the requirements for doing so. In the case of the fire at the Clifford home, both searches occurred but without the appropriate warrants. The Court also held that there were no exigent circumstances that prevented the investigators from obtaining the warrants.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens wrote an opinion concurring in judgment where he argued that once the emergency that has granted the fire fighters authority to enter the premises has ended, the Fourth Amendment requires that notice be given to the property owners before entry. He also argued that if there is probable cause to suspect a crime has occurred, a warrant is required to conduct a search.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissenting opinion, Justice William H. Rehnquist argued that the fire fighters initially at the scene suspected arson because an investigator was called, which means the investigation and the fighting of the fire were happening simultaneously. The inspection by the fire investigator was a continuation of one that began when the fire fighters were legally on the premises. He also argued that the public interest in investigating the cause of a fire outweighs the property owner\u2019s right to privacy. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, Justice Harry A. Blackmun, and Justice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":29211,"name":"Janice M. 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