{"ID":52770,"name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1983\/83-271","view_count":0,"docket_number":"83-271","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"NCAA","second_party":"Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[448610400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34526"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[457160400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34527"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[435214800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53647"}],"lower_court":{"ID":14,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/14"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1981, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) entered into negotiations with ABC and CBS regarding televising the NCAA football games. Each of those companies had the rights to air 14 live games per season as well as to negotiate individually with the competing schools, and they were required to pay a \u201cminimum aggregate compensation\u201d to the participating schools. The goal of the plan was to televise games in such a way as to not drastically decrease live attendance at the games. The NCAA did not permit any of the schools to negotiate outside of this plan.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia are both members of the College Football Association (CFA), a group within the NCAA that was formed to represent and promote the interests of the major football schools. These schools, along with the other schools in the CFA, negotiated a separate contract with NBC that would allow for more televised games and greater revenues for the schools in question. The NCAA then announced that it would take disciplinary action against any school that complied with the CFA plan as opposed to the NCAA one. The respondent schools took the issue to the District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, which found that the NCAA contract violated the Sherman Act. The Court of Appeals for Oklahoma affirmed the judgment of the lower court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the NCAA plan for televised football games impose a restraint on the free market and thus violate the Sherman Act?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice John Paul Stevens, writing for a 7-2 majority, held that the NCAA plan creates a structure in which the market cannot be responsive to viewer demands in terms of price and output. Since the viewers of college football games can be defined as a distinct market,  a plan that places the NCAA in complete control of the broadcasts that reach this market creates the type of monopoly that the Sherman Act was meant to prevent. By limiting the number of live broadcasts, the Court found that the NCAA was attempting to artificially increase the value of live tickets, in the same way that a monopolist seeks to manipulate the market by limiting output. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his dissent, Justice Byron R. White argued that the Court erred by treating the NCAA as a purely commercial and profit-oriented organization. Because the NCAA is uniquely linked to both amateur athletics and higher education, it has been allowed a great deal of leeway in regulation that would be condemned in a purely business environment. He further argued that the NCAA plan \u201creflects the NCAA\u2019s fundamental policy of preserving amateurism and integrating athletics and education.\u201d Justice William H. Rehnquist joined Justice White in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":23867,"name":"Frank H. Easterbrook","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/frank_h_easterbrook","view_count":0,"last_name":"Easterbrook","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"frank_h_easterbrook"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/12874"},{"advocate":{"ID":15691,"name":"Andy Coats","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/andy_coats","view_count":0,"last_name":"Coats","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"andy_coats"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of Respondents","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/12875"},{"advocate":{"ID":39761,"name":"Rex E. 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