{"ID":52861,"name":"Irving Independent School District v. Tatro","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1983\/83-558","view_count":0,"docket_number":"83-558","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Irving Independent School District","second_party":"Henri Tatro, et ex.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[450943200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34694"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[457851600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34695"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[439452000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53761"}],"lower_court":{"ID":10,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/10"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EHenri and Mary Tatro\u2019s three-and-a-half year old daughter Amber had spina bifida. As a result, Amber suffered from a neurogenic bladder, which required the use of a catheter every three or four hours each day to avoid kidney injury. The preferred method of catheterization was called clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Amber was unable to perform this method herself because of her age, but a layperson could easily learn to perform the procedure.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1979, Irving Independent School District agreed to provide special education for Amber as required by the federal Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA). This law required Texas to provide handicapped children with a free public education including \u2018related services\u2019. It only required \u2018medical services\u2019 for purposes of diagnosis or evaluation. Amber\u2019s individualized education program provided that she would attend early childhood development classes and receive physical and occupational therapy. Her program, however, made no provision for school personnel to administer CIC. The Tatros unsuccessfully pursued administrative remedies to secure CIC services during school hours.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn October 1979, the Tatros filed an action against the district, the Texas State Board of Education, and others. They sought an injunction requiring the district to provide Amber with CIC. They also sought damages and attorneys\u2019 fees through the Rehabilitation Act (RA), which forbade programs receiving federal aid from excluding handicapped people from participation and allowed prevailing parties to recover attorneys\u2019 fees. The district court denied the Tatros\u0027 request for a preliminary injunction, concluding that CIC was not a \u2018related service\u2019 under the EHA because it did not arise from an effort to educate. The United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit reversed, holding that CIC was indeed a \u2018related service\u2019 under the EHA, and remanded the case to the district court. The district court then ruled that CIC was not a \u2018medical service\u2019 under the EHA because a doctor was not needed to administer the procedure. It found that CIC was a \u2018related service\u2019 and ordered the defendants to modify Amber\u2019s individualized education program accordingly. It also held that the Tatros had proved a violation of the RA. The Fifth Circuit affirmed both holdings.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EWas the provision of CIC for a student with a neurogenic bladder a required \u2018related service\u2019 under the Education of the Handicapped Act?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf so, could the Tatros seek attorneys\u2019 fees through the Rehabilitation Act although other relief was available under the EHA?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes and no. In a unanimous decision written by Chief Justice Warren Burger, the Court held that the provision of CIC was a \u2018related service\u2019 and not a \u2018medical service\u2019 under the Education of the Handicapped Act. He looked to the text of the EHA, which defined \u2018related service\u2019 as that which is required for a handicapped child to benefit from special education. Chief Justice Burger noted that Amber would not be able to attend school and benefit from special education without CIC. He cited the Court\u2019s previous holdings on the act, where it determined that congress intended to give handicapped children meaningful access to public education.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice Burger held that CIC was not a \u2018medical service\u2019 under the EHA. He deferred to the regulations of the Department of Education, which defined \u2018medical services\u2019 as those provided by a licensed physician. As CIC could be performed by a layperson and was required for Amber to attend school, it fell within both Congress\u2019 and the Department of Education\u2019s definitions of \u2018related services\u2019.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice Burger also held that the Tatros were not entitled to relief under the Rehabilitation Act because relief was available under the EHA. Hence, the Court reversed the Fifth Circuit\u2019s holding that the Tatros were entitled to attorneys\u2019 fees.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William Brennan concurred in part, but dissented from the majority\u2019s holding on the awarding of attorneys\u2019 fees under the Rehabilitation Act. He referred to his dissent in \u003Ci\u003ESmith v. Robinson\u003C\/i\u003E, where he similarly objected to that majority\u2019s interpretation of a conflict between the EHA and the RA as an implicit repeal of parties\u2019 right to seek attorneys\u2019 fees.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stevens concurred in part but also dissented to the majority\u2019s holding on the awarding of attorneys\u2019 fees. He noted that the district\u0027s petition for certiorari did not challenge the award of attorneys\u2019 fees.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":33181,"name":"James C. Todd","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/james_c_todd","view_count":0,"last_name":"Todd","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"james_c_todd"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the Respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/13071"},{"advocate":{"ID":30092,"name":"James W. 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