{"ID":52850,"name":"Berkemer v. McCarty","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1983\/83-710","view_count":0,"docket_number":"83-710","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Harry J. Berkemer, Sheriff of Franklin County, Ohio","second_party":"Richard N. McCarty","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[451116000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34673"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[457592400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34674"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[442476000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53716"}],"lower_court":{"ID":11,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/11"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn March 31, 1980, Ohio State Highway Patrol Trooper C.J. Williams observed Richard McCarty\u2019s vehicle weaving back and forth on Interstate Highway 270. He followed the car, pulled McCarty over, and asked him to exit the vehicle. Williams noticed that McCarty had trouble standing, and thus determined that he would charge McCarty with a traffic offense and that McCarty was no longer free to leave the scene. McCarty failed a balancing test.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliams then asked McCarty whether he had been using intoxicants, and McCarty responded that he had consumed two beers and smoked several joints of marijuana a short time before. Williams placed McCarty under arrest. At the county jail, however, a breathalyzer test did not detect any alcohol in McCarty\u2019s system. Williams resumed questioning McCarty, asking him if he was under the influence of alcohol and whether the marijuana had been treated with any chemicals. Williams responded, \u201cI guess, barely,\u201d to the first question, but denied that the marijuana he smoked had been treated. At no point did Williams or any other officer tell McCarty that he had a right to remain silent, to consult with an attorney, or to have an attorney appointed for him if he could not afford one.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMcCarty was charged with operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol and\/or drugs, a first-degree misdemeanor under Ohio law punishable by fine or imprisonment for up to six months. McCarty moved to exclude the incriminating statements he made to Trooper Williams both on the scene of the arrest and in jail, on the grounds that he had not been informed of his constitutional rights prior to interrogation. The trial court denied the motion; McCarty pled \u2018no contest\u2019 and was found guilty. On appeal, the Franklin County Court of Appeals held that the Miranda rule does not apply to misdemeanors, relying on a prior decision by the Supreme Court of Ohio. The Supreme Court of Ohio dismissed McCarty\u2019s appeal for failing to present a substantial constitutional question. The District Court for the Southern District of Ohio dismissed McCarty\u2019s writ of habeas corpus, but the United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit reversed. It held that Miranda warnings must be given to all individuals accused of misdemeanor traffic offenses prior to custodial interrogation, but did not clearly apply this rule to McCarty\u2019s statements made at the scene of his arrest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Did the highway patrol err in failing to give a Miranda warning to McCarty before he made incriminating statements at the station house?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Did the Ohio State Highway Patrol err in failing to give a Miranda warning to McCarty when he was detained pursuant to a routine traffic stop and under suspicion for the misdemeanor of driving under the influence?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes and no. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Thurgood Marshall, the Court held that arrestees in custody and under suspicion for a misdemeanor traffic offense must be informed of their constitutional rights or subsequent statements are inadmissible. Justice Marshall rejected Berkemer\u2019s argument that the Court should carve out an exception to the Miranda rule for lesser offenses. He noted that the police are often unaware when they arrest a person whether that person has committed a felony or a misdemeanor, and that seemingly minor offenses sometimes escalate into more serious investigations. He reasoned that carving out an exception to the Miranda rule for misdemeanor traffic offenses would undermine Miranda\u2019s simplicity and effectiveness given the rule\u2019s widespread, customary use by police.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Marshall then distinguished between the statements McCarty made at the scene of the arrest and at the jail. He held that McCarty was in custody as of the moment he was formally placed under arrest for driving under the influence, and that statements made after this point were inadmissible. He also held, however, that McCarty was not put in custody for purposes of the Miranda rule before this point. Justice Marshall reasoned that a routine traffic stop was more akin to a non-custodial \u2018Terry stop\u2019, and generally ended with a motorist\u2019s release. He noted that McCarty was not told he could not leave prior to his arrest, and was only asked a few questions and told to perform a balancing test. Consequently, Justice Marshall held that the Ohio State Highway Patrol was not obligated to give Miranda warnings to persons detained pursuant to routine traffic stops.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens concurred. He argued that the majority should have limited its decision to the question presented in Berkemer\u2019s petition for certiorari: Whether law enforcement officers must give \u2018Miranda warnings\u2019 to individuals arrested for misdemeanor traffic offenses. He argued that the Court failed to follow the course of judicial restraint by answering a question not passed upon by the lower courts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":39909,"name":"R. 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