{"ID":53065,"name":"United States v. Abel","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1984\/83-935","view_count":0,"docket_number":"83-935","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"United States","second_party":"John Clyde Abel","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[468655200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35075"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[471506400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35076"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[448524000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53338"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1981, John Abel was indicted for robbing a bank in California. During Abel\u2019s trial, the prosecution called one of his accomplices, Kurt Ehle, to testify that Abel had participated in the robbery. To counter Ehle\u2019s testimony, Abel called a mutual friend, Robert Mills, to the stand. Mills, Abel, and Ehle knew each other from the time they spent in prison together and their involvement in a prison gang, the Aryan Brotherhood. Mills testified that, in prison, Ehle had talked about his plans to rob the bank and blame it on Abel. To discredit Mills, the prosecution re-called Ehle to the stand to expose the three men\u2019s involvement in the Brotherhood and the gang\u2019s strict code of protection, which required members to lie, cheat, steal, and kill to protect a fellow member. Ehle testified that this code of conduct explained why Mills testified in defense of Abel. Abel\u2019s counsel argued that this testimony was irrelevant, but the district court allowed it into evidence because the probative value of the evidence outweighed any prejudicial effect it may have on Abel. Abel lost and appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which reversed because admitting evidence that Mills belonged to a perjurious organization, to suggest he was committing perjury this time, unfairly prejudiced him by association absent any evidence of his individual willingness to lie.\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the evidence regarding respondent\u2019s and Mills\u2019 membership in a prison gang unfairly impeach Mills and prejudice respondent by association?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice William H. Rehnquist delivered the unanimous opinion, in which the Court held that the evidence of bias introduced for purposes of impeachment is admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Relevant evidence is that which has the tendency to make the existence of any fact more or less probable. The Court determined that a showing of bias on the part of a witness would have a tendency to make the facts to which they testify less probable and is therefore relevant. Furthermore, the district court ensured the admission of only the highly probative evidence about the men\u2019s involvement in the Brotherhood and sustained objections relating to the punishment of unfaithful members and other topics that might have been prejudicial.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":42180,"name":"Stephen S. 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