{"ID":53091,"name":"School District of the City of Grand Rapids v. Ball","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1984\/83-990","view_count":0,"docket_number":"83-990","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"School District of the City of Grand Rapids, et al.","second_party":"Phyllis Ball, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[471074400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35125"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[489042000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35126"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[446709600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53624"}],"lower_court":{"ID":11,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/11"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the 1976-1977 school year, the school district of Grand Rapids, Michigan, adopted two programs, Shared Time and Community Education, that provided secular classes to private school students at public expense. The Shared Time program offered classes during the school day that were intended to \u201csupplement the core curriculum\u201d of the private schools. The Shared Time teachers were full-time public school teachers, and many had previously worked in private schools. The Community Education program was offered for children and adults at many different sites, but the classes at issue took place after the school day in private elementary schools. The Community Education teachers were part-time public school employees, and many also held jobs at private schools. The classrooms for both programs were leased from the private schools. The vast majority of the participating private schools were religious, and there was no evidence that a public school student ever attended a Shared Time or Community Education class held in a private school.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Six taxpayers filed suit against the school district and state officials and alleged that they violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment by using public funds to pay for private (and religious) education. The district court applied the Lemon test and determined that, although the aim was secular, the effect of the programs conferred benefits to religious institutions and entangled the affairs of church and state. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDo the Shared Time and Community Education programs of the school district have the primary effect of advancing religion and therefore violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. delivered the opinion for the 5-4 majority. The Court held that the statute failed the Lemon test because it had the effect of advancing religious agendas and it unnecessarily entangled the government and religion. The statute advanced religion in three ways: the teachers may inadvertently or intentionally instruct from a religious perspective; the programs themselves may serve as a symbolic link between the government and religion in the eyes of impressionable children; and the programs essentially serve as a government subsidy for religious instruction. The Court recognized that the intent of the programs was to provide secular education, but there was too great a risk of the religious environment influencing the children\u2019s instruction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice Warren E. Burger concurred in part and dissented in part. He agreed with the Court\u2019s decision on the Community Education program, but dissented regarding the Shared Time program. He argued that there was no way to completely eliminate contact between the government and religion, and to attempt to do so in this case would come at the cost of children\u2019s education.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor concurred in part and dissented in part. She argued that there was no evidence to indicate a link between the Shared Time program and religion other than the fact that the classes were taught in private schools. In the case of the Community Education program, she agreed with the majority.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron R. White wrote a dissent where he argued that the Court has long engaged in an unnecessarily narrow reading of the Establishment Clause. He held that this decision and others like it were \u201ccontrary to the long-range interests of the country.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Justice William H. Rehnquist also dissented and argued that the Establishment Clause was never meant to establish a \u201cwall\u201d between the government and religion but merely to prevent the establishment of a national religion, which these programs do not come close to doing. He also argued that there was no basis for the assumption that teaching secular topics in a religious school would effectively link the government and religion in the minds of schoolchildren.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36378,"name":"Michael W. 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