{"ID":52982,"name":"United States v. Bagley","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1984\/84-48","view_count":0,"docket_number":"84-48","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"United States","second_party":"Hughes Anderson Bagley","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[480146400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34919"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[489128400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/34920"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[469173600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53670"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn October 1977, Hughes Anderson Bagley was indicted on fifteen charges of violating federal narcotics and firearms statutes. The government\u2019s two principal witnesses were James F. O\u2019Connor and Donald E. Mitchell, private security guards. Between April and June 1977, they assisted the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (\u201cATF\u201d) in conducting an undercover investigation of Bagley. In response to a discovery request for information about any deals, promises or inducements made to O\u2019Connor or Mitchell, the government produced only affidavits from each man stating that each spoke without any threats or rewards, or promises of reward. Bagley waived his right to a jury trial. At trial, O\u2019Connor and Mitchell testified about the firearms and narcotics charges. On December 23, 1977, the court found Bagley guilty on the narcotics charges, but not the firearms charges.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn mid-1980, Bagley filed requests pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act and to the Privacy Act of 1974. He received copies of ATF form contracts, each entitled, \u201cContract for Purchase of Information and Payment of Lump Sum Therefor.\u201d These contracts indicated that O\u2019Connor and Mitchell provided information to the ATF and promised a future payment of $300 to each informer. Bagley moved to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2255, alleging that the government\u2019s failure to disclose the contracts violated his right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe motion came before the same district judge who presided at Bagley\u2019s trial. At an evidentiary hearing, a magistrate found that neither informant expected payment for his testimony. In contrast, the district judge found that O\u2019Connor and Mitchell probably expected to receive compensation for their assistance, and that the government suppressed evidence favorable to Bagley. He also concluded, however, that the disclosure would not have had an effect on the court\u2019s verdict. He emphasized that Bagley\u2019s counsel did not seek to discredit O\u2019Connor or Mitchell on cross-examination. The United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, reversed, reasoning that the government\u2019s failure to disclose required automatic reversal because it impaired Bagley\u2019s Sixth Amendment right to confront adverse witnesses through effective cross-examination.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMust Bagley\u2019s convictions for narcotics violations be set aside as a violation of due process because the government failed to disclose that two witnesses were impeachable, although the district judge determined that this failure did not affect the outcome of the case?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In a 5-3 decision written by Justice Harry Blackmun, the Court held that the government\u2019s failure to disclose the contacts in discovery did not violate the Due Process Clause. Justice Blackmun wrote that the state was required by due process to disclose evidence that was both favorable to the accused and material to either guilt or punishment, and that impeachment evidence fell within this requirement. He rejected, however, the Ninth Circuit\u2019s argument that the government\u2019s failure to disclose impeachment evidence required automatic reversal. The Court was concerned with undisclosed impeachment evidence that directly restricted the scope of cross-examination; here, Bagley\u2019s counsel was free to cross-examine the informants on any relevant subject.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERelying on \u003Ci\u003EUnited States v. Agurs\u003C\/i\u003E, Justice Blackmun held that undisclosed evidence was material if there was a reasonable possibility that the result of the proceeding would have been different if the evidence had been disclosed. He acknowledged that the government\u2019s failure likely lead the defense counsel to believe that the informants could not be impeached on the basis of bias or inducements offered by the government. Nonetheless, the district court found beyond a reasonable doubt that the outcome would have been the same if the government had disclosed the evidence in question. Justice Blackmun reversed the Ninth Circuit\u2019s decision and remanded the case for reconsideration.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron White concurred in part and concurred in the judgment, joined by Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justice William Rehnquist. He would have simply held that the proper standard was one of reasonable probability and that the Ninth Circuit failed to apply the standard necessities reversal.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall dissented, joined by Justice William Brennan. He argued that a failure to disclose cannot be considered harmless when the government withholds evidence that might impeach the prosecution\u2019s only witnesses. He wrote that the majority\u2019s standard encouraged prosecutors to withhold potentially dispositive evidence.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens dissented. He noted that the analysis in \u003Ci\u003EAgurs\u003C\/i\u003E was restricted to the context where the defense made either a general request for evidence or no request at all, not a specific request for impeachment evidence. He rejected the majority\u2019s results-based test for materiality.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Louis Powell took no part in the decision of the case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":21501,"name":"David A. 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