{"ID":53229,"name":"Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1985\/84-1070","view_count":0,"docket_number":"84-1070","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Larry Witters","second_party":"Washington Department of Services for the Blind","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[500104800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35384"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[507189600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35385"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[481183200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53721"}],"lower_court":{"ID":70,"name":"Washington Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/70"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ELarry Witters attended the Inland Empire School of the Bible, seeking to become a pastor, missionary, or youth director. Inland Empire was a non-denominational Christian school supported by donations and tuition payments. Witters suffered from a progressive eye condition, which rendered him legally blind under Washington law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWitters applied to Washington\u2019s Commission for the Blind to participate in its vocational rehabilitation program, funded by approximately eighty percent federal funds and twenty percent state funds. The commission, however, had previously adopted a policy statement forbidding the use of public funds to assist an individual in pursuing a career or degree in theology or related areas, based on Washington\u2019s constitution. The commission denied Witters\u2019 application because his vocational objective was to become a pastor, viewing this as falling within the areas related to theology. A state hearings examiner upheld the commission\u2019s ruling, also citing Washington\u2019s constitution. A Washington district court upheld the decision for the reasons given by the hearings examiner.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn appeal, the Supreme Court of Washington upheld the decision, but declined to base its ruling on the Washington Constitution. Instead, it reserved judgment on the state constitutional issue and determined that the First Amendment\u2019s Establishment Clause required the commission to deny Witters\u2019 application. Using the three-part test established by the Court in \u003Ci\u003ELemon v. Kurtzman\u003C\/i\u003E, it held that approving his application would have the primary effect of advancing religion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the First Amendment\u2019s Establishment Clause prohibit Washington from funding Witters\u2019 ministerial education through the state\u2019s vocational rehabilitation program?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In a unanimous decision written by Justice Thurgood Marshall, the Court held that extending aid to Witters through Washington\u2019s vocational rehabilitation program would be consistent with the First Amendment\u2019s Establishment Clause. Justice Marshall also looked to the Lemon test, agreeing with the Supreme Court of Washington that the statute had a facially secular purpose, to promote the well-being of the visually handicapped.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Marshall held, however, that extending aid to Witters would not have the primary effect of advancing religion. He noted that the program did not provide greater or broader benefits for recipients who apply their aid to religious education, and that nothing in the record indicated that a significant portion of aid extended through the program would flow to religious education. He also argued that although the aid would ultimately flow to Inland Empire, this was not because of the state\u0027s actions but rather Witters\u2019.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Louis Powell, joined by Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justice William Rehnquist, concurred. He argued that the statute could not have the primary effect of advancing religion because the funds were available to applicants regardless of whether their school was secular or religious; hence, any aid to religion would result from the private choices of individual beneficiaries.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor also concurred. She emphasized that any potential aid to religion would be the result of Witters\u2019 choice, and that no reasonable observer would likely draw an inference that Washington was endorsing a religious belief or practice.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":43058,"name":"Timothy R. Malone","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/timothy_r_malone","view_count":0,"last_name":"Malone","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"timothy_r_malone"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the Respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/13893"},{"advocate":{"ID":35793,"name":"Michael P. 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