{"ID":53241,"name":"Ford v. Wainwright","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1985\/85-5542","view_count":0,"docket_number":"85-5542","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Ford","second_party":"Wainwright","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[514533600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35407"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[520146000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35408"}],"lower_court":{"ID":15,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/15"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1974, a Florida court sentenced Alvin Bernard Ford to death for first-degree murder. At the time of the murder, trial, and sentencing phase, there was no indication that Ford was suffering from any mental deficiencies. While awaiting execution, Ford\u0027s mental condition worsened. His competency was assessed in accordance with Florida procedures. Following this assessment, Florida\u0027s Governor signed Ford\u0027s death warrant. A state court declined to hear arguments raised about Ford\u0027s competency. Without the benefit of a hearing, Ford\u0027s habeas corpus petition was then denied by the a federal district court. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Does the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibit the imposition of the death penalty upon the insane?\u003Cbr \/\u003E2. Did the Federal District Court err when it declined to hear Ford\u0027s petition?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes and yes. In a 7-2 decision reversing and remanding the lower court\u0027s judgment, Justice Thurgood Marshall writing for the five-justice majority noted that English common law found executing the insane \u0022savage and inhumane.\u0022 In addition, no State permitted such executions. Opponents of such executions maintained that it \u0022offends humanity\u0022 and that such executions had neither a deterrent nor a retributive effect. On the second question, Marshall observed that no state court had heard arguments that Ford was insane. In addition, Florida\u0027s competency procedures were inadequate.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Lewis F. Powell, in a separate concurring opinion, agreed that executing an insane inmate violated the Eighth Amendment. For Powell, \u0022the Eighth Amendment forbids the execution only of those who are unaware of the punishment they are about to suffer and why they are to suffer it.\u0022 Powell argued that Florida\u0027s procedure for determining the competency of the inmate violated due process.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sandra Day O\u0027Connor joined by Justice Byron R. White, dissented in part. They agreed that Florida\u0027s procedures did not protect Ford\u0027s due process rights but that \u0022the Eighth Amendment does not create a substantive right not to be executed while insane.\u0022 Justice William H. Rehnquist further, joined by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, also maintained that no substantive right was created. In addition, Rehnquist argued that the State\u0027s procedures drew sustenance from the common law and were not out of step with contemporary practice.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis abstract was prepared by Adam J. Ruggles, Gloria R. 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