{"ID":53275,"name":"Turner v. Safley","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1986\/85-1384","view_count":0,"docket_number":"85-1384","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"William R. Turner, et al.","second_party":"Leonard Safley, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[537516000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35473"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[549522000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35474"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[517554000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53707"}],"lower_court":{"ID":13,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/13"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the late 1970s, Renz Correctional Institution converted to a \u201ccomplex prison\u201d. Generally, female prisoners at Renz were medium and maximum security level offenders, while most male inmates were minimum security offenders. Leonard Safley was a male inmate at Renz, and P.J. Watson was a female inmate. They met at Renz, where they became romantically involved; Watson was then transferred to Ozark Correctional Center because of this relationship. Prison authorities rebuffed all of Safley\u2019s attempts to directly contact Watson.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA Missouri Division of Corrections regulation permitted correspondence between inmates who were immediate family members, but correspondence between inmates who were not family members was only allowed if 1) it related to legal matters or 2) at the discretion of the classification\/treatment team of both inmates. Another regulation only permitted inmates to marry with the permission of the prison superintendent, and specified that permission should only be given when there was a compelling reason to do so.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe district court certified plaintiffs as a class including inmates at Renz who desired to correspond with inmates at other prison facilities. This class also included persons who wished to marry inmates at Missouri correctional facilities and whose right to marry had been allegedly violated by the DoC. Plaintiffs filed an action against Renz\u0027s Superintendent William Turner and others for injunctive relief and damages. The district court applied strict scrutiny to both DoC restrictions. It held that the restriction on correspondence was overly broad and capriciously applied, and that the marriage restriction violated inmates\u2019 constitutional right to marry. The United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, affirmed, further holding that neither restriction was the narrowest means of addressing the DoC\u2019s security concerns.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Was the Missouri Department of Corrections\u2019 restriction limiting correspondence between inmates a violation of those prisoners\u2019 First Amendment rights?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Was the Missouri Department of Corrections\u0027 restriction limiting prisoners\u2019 ability to marry a violation of prisoners\u2019 constitutional right to marry?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo and yes. In a 5-4 decision written by Justice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor and joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Justice Byron White, Justice Louis Powell and Justice Antonin Scalia, the Court upheld the Missouri Department of Correction\u2019s restriction on correspondence between inmates. Justice O\u2019Connor looked to the Court\u2019s test for determining the reasonableness of restrictions on prison inmates\u2019 expressive freedom. She argued that this particular content-neutral restriction on correspondence between inmates was logically connected to the DoC\u2019s legitimate security concerns, noting the danger of coordinated gang activity in Missouri prisons. Justice O\u2019Connor further reasoned that the restrictions did not deprive inmates of all means of expression, only limiting correspondence with a particular class of people. She argued that the Eighth Circuit failed to consider the impact easing the restriction might have on the liberty and safety of prison guards and other inmates. Finally, Justice O\u2019Connor argued that there were no obvious, easy alternatives to the DoC\u2019s restrictions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETurning to the DoC\u2019s marriage restriction, Justice O\u2019Connor held that it was an unconstitutional violation of inmates\u2019 fundamental right to marry. While acknowledging that prisoners\u2019 right to marry is subject to restriction, she argued that many important aspects of marriage should not be altered by a person\u2019s incarceration, including the potential emotional and religious impact of marriage to another. Hence, Missouri prisoners retained a constitutionally-protected right to marry. Justice O\u2019Connor further held that the DoC\u2019s marriage restriction was not reasonably related to its stated interest in preventing violence in prisons and in the rehabilitation of female prisoners.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens, joined by Justices William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and Harry Blackmun, concurred in part and dissented in part. While agreeing with the majority\u2019s holding that the marriage restriction was unconstitutional, he rejected the majority\u2019s application of a reasonableness standard to the facts on record. Justice Stevens argued that the majority improperly accepted the DoC\u2019s mostly speculative arguments with respect to the DoC\u2019s security concerns about inmate correspondence, while rejecting the DoC\u2019s similarly speculative concerns about marriage between inmates.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":27163,"name":"Henry Thomas Herschel","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/henry_thomas_herschel","view_count":0,"last_name":"Herschel","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"henry_thomas_herschel"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/14009"},{"advocate":{"ID":23952,"name":"Floyd R. 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