{"ID":53294,"name":"Pope v. Illinois","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1986\/85-1973","view_count":0,"docket_number":"85-1973","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Richard Pope and Charles Morrison","second_party":"Illinois","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[541144800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35511"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[547102800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35512"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1973, the Supreme Court decided \u003Cem\u003EMiller v. California\u003C\/em\u003E and established a three-prong test for determining whether material is obscene. The test asks whether the material in question appeals to a prurient interest, describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive manner, and whether the work as a whole lacks \u201cserious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn July 21, 1983, police detectives in Rockford, Illinois, purchased magazines from Richard Pope and Charles Morrison, both of whom were attendants in an adult bookstore. Pope and Morrison were subsquently charged under Illinois\u2019 obscenity statute for the sale of those magazines. They each moved to dismiss the charges and argued that the statute was unconstitutional under the First and Fourteenth Amendments because it did not require that the value of the work in question be judged on an objective basis but instead allowed for judgment based on contemporary community standards. The trial courts denied the motions and instructed the juries to determine whether the material would be viewed as obscene by adults in Illinois. Pope and Morrison appealed, and the Illinois Appellate Court, Second District, affirmed the ruling of the lower courts. The Illinois Supreme Court denied review.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMay a jury be instructed to apply community standards regarding the value of a work to satisfy the third prong of the obscenity test established by the Court in \u003Cem\u003EMiller v. California\u003C\/em\u003E?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Byron R. White delivered the opinion of the 5-4 majority. The Court held that, while the first two prongs of the \u003Cem\u003EMiller\u003C\/em\u003E test may be determined based on contemporary community standards, the third prong must be determined based on whether a reasonable person would find value in the material. In this manner, the work in question is protected from needing to obtain majority approval to be deemed of value. Because the statute under which Pope and Morrison were convicted had already been repealed, the Court held that the case should be remanded for consideration of whether the error in this case was harmless.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his concurring opinion, Justice Scalia agreed that the \u003Cem\u003EMiller\u003C\/em\u003E test was meant to be adjudicated based on what a reasonable person would find valuable, but he also argued that art could not be judged objectively.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Harry A. Blackmun wrote a partial concurrence and partial dissent in which he argued that the \u201charmless error\u201d analysis proposed in the majority opinion was inappropriate in this case, but the majority opinion correctly protected a work from being judged solely by the value, or lack thereof, that a majority of community members might ascribe to it.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens wrote a dissent in which he argued that the error in this case was harmful to Pope and Morrison because the jury evaluated their guilt based on unconstitutional instructions. Justice Stevens also wrote that the majority opinion\u2019s attempt to clarify the definition of obscenity subjected the First Amendment\u2019s protection of free speech to the whims of jurors who might believe that a majority view on the value of a work is more reasonable than a minority view. The difficulty in attempting to define obscenity reflects what Justice Stevens found to be the constitutional impossibility of criminalizing the creation or sale of obscene literature to consenting adults. Justice Thurgood Marshall, Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., and Justice Blackmun joined in the dissent. In his separate dissent, Justice Brennan wrote that the concept of obscenity cannot be sufficiently defined to provide fair notice to the creators and purveyors of sexually oriented materials without also seriously undermining the First Amendment protection of free speech.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":26057,"name":"Glenn A. 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