{"ID":53298,"name":"Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1986\/85-701","view_count":0,"docket_number":"85-701","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Federal Election Commission","second_party":"Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[529045200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35519"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[535010400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35520"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[505980000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53760"}],"lower_court":{"ID":6,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/6"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn January 26, 1973, Massachusetts Citizens for Life (MCFL) incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts as a non-stock, non-membership corporation. Beginning in January 1973, MCFL distributed a newsletter to its contributors focused on MCFL\u2019s political concerns. Prior to the September 19, 1978, primary elections, MCFL distributed a flyer to contributors, due-payers and to approximately 50,000 people MCFL considered sympathetic to its goals. This flyer encouraged readers to vote \u2018pro-life\u2019, listed candidates for state and federal office in every voting district in the state, and identified each candidate as either supporting or opposing MCFL\u2019s views.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) prohibited corporations from spending general corporate treasury funds on any federal election; MCFL spent a total of $9,812.76 from its general treasury on the flyers in question. When conciliation proved unsuccessful, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) filed a complaint against MCFL seeking a civil penalty and other relief. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the court found for MCFL, holding that the flyers did not fit within the act\u2019s definition of \u2018expenditure\u2019 and that the flyers fell under the act\u2019s press exemption for news stories, commentaries, or editorials. The court also held that the act would violate the First Amendment if applied.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter examining the legislative history of the FECA, the United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit, reversed. It held that the flyers fit within the act\u2019s definition of \u2018expenditure\u2019 and did not fall under its press exemption. It did, however, affirm the lower court\u2019s ruling that FECA would be unconstitutional if applied, holding that the government offered no substantial government interest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid Massachusetts Citizens for Life violate the Federal Election Campaign Act by distributing flyers asking voters to vote \u201cfor life\u201d paid for with treasury funds?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoes that section of FECA violate the First Amendment as applied?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes and yes. In an opinion written by Justice William J. Brennan, the Court held unanimously that Massachusetts Citizens for Life\u2019s flyers violated FECA\u2019s prohibition on expenditures. He pointed to the general definitions section of FECA, where \u2018expenditures\u2019 included the provision of anything of value made for the purpose of influencing a federal election. Justice Brennan also looked to the legislative history and determined that Congress did not intend to abandon its restrictions on expenditures to support candidates. Justice Brennan rejected MCFL\u2019s argument that it did not expressly advocate for a candidate, noting that the flyers exhorted readers to vote for specific \u2018pro-life\u2019 candidates. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a 5-4 majority, Justice Brennan also held that FECA was unconstitutional as applied to MCFL\u2019s flyers. While acknowledging that FECA\u2019s requirements were not an absolute restriction on MCFL\u2019s First Amendment rights, he argued that they were a substantial restriction. He noted that MCFL was forced to comply with several burdensome requirements only because it was a corporation; these requirements potentially created a disincentive for engaging in political speech. Justice Brennan held that the state\u2019s compelling interest in restricting corporate spending on elections did not extend to MCFL because 1) MCFL was formed for an exclusively political purpose, 2) it had no shareholders, and 3) it was not formed by a business corporation or labor union. He noted that even if FECA\u2019s disclosure requirements no longer applied, MCFL was still required to identify anyone contributing over $200.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor concurred with both of the majority\u2019s holdings. She emphasized that the significant burden on MCFL arose from FECA\u2019s additional organizational restrictions, and not from its higher disclosure requirements.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice William Rehnquist, joined by Justices Byron White, Harry Blackmun and John Paul Stevens, dissented on the constitutionality of FECA. While acknowledging that the threat from corporate political activity varied depending on the characteristics of a particular corporation, he argued that these were distinctions in degree and not differences in kind. He described the majority\u2019s three-part test as legislative in character.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":20154,"name":"Charles Nevett Steele","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/charles_n_steele","view_count":0,"last_name":"Steele","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"charles_n_steele"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of Appellant","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/14068"},{"advocate":{"ID":23943,"name":"Francis H. 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