{"ID":53513,"name":"New York State Club Association Inc. v. City of New York","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1987\/86-1836","view_count":0,"docket_number":"86-1836","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"New York State Club Association Inc.","second_party":"City of New York","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[572594400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35923"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[582786000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35924"}],"lower_court":{"ID":53,"name":"New York Court of Appeals","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/53"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe City of New York amended its Human Rights Law prohibiting discrimination in public places to include certain social clubs that were not \u0022distinctly private.\u0022 Particularly, the amendment applied anti-discrimination laws to social clubs and institutions that hosted dining regularly, retained more than four hundred members, and received funding from non-members in order to promote business interests. The amendment did not apply to religious, charitable, and education organizations because the city deemed that they were not centers of business activity. The New York State Club Association, a group of 125 clubs, contended in a state trial court that the new law violated its associational rights provided by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The trial court ruled in favor of the city. A state appellate court and the New York Court of Appeals both affirmed, finding that the city\u0027s compelling interest in eliminating discrimination justified the restrictions on associational rights.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the City of New York violate First Amendment rights to free association when applying anti-discrimination laws to social clubs that were not \u0022distinctly private\u0022?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Byron R. White delivered the opinion for a unanimous court. The Court examined the clubs subjected to anti-discrimination laws closely and found \u0022no evidence of any club, let alone a substantial number of clubs, for whom the Law impairs the ability to associate or to advocate public or private viewpoints.\u0022 In addition, many of the clubs showed characteristics of a public nature. Often strangers attended club functions, partook in meals, and made financial contributions. So long as the clubs were sufficiently open to this type of exposure to outsiders, the clubs could not be closed to certain types of people on account of their race, sex, or religion. Prohibiting this type of discrimination did not impair a club\u0027s ability to advance a viewpoint because clubs could still select people for membership based on whether they shared similar beliefs.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":16552,"name":"Alan Mansfield","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/alan_mansfield","view_count":0,"last_name":"Mansfield","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"alan_mansfield"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the appellant","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/14534"},{"advocate":{"ID":38472,"name":"Peter L. 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