{"ID":53459,"name":"United States v. Kozminski","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1987\/86-2000","view_count":0,"docket_number":"86-2000","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"United States","second_party":"Ike Kozminski, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[572594400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35825"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[583563600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/35826"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[561099600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53642"}],"lower_court":{"ID":11,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/11"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1983, Robert Fulmer and Louis Molitoris \u2014 who have IQs of 67 and 60, respectively \u2014 were discovered working on the Kozminski dairy farm in Chelsea, Michigan. Ike Kozminski, his wife Margarethe, and his son John used the labor of Fulmer and Molitoris seven days a week, for approximately 17 hours a day since they brought the men to the farm. Margarethe picked up Fulmer from the side of road in 1967, and by doing so took him away from a farm where he previously worked. Ike Kozminski found Molitoris living on the streets in Ann Arbor in the early 1970s and brought him to the farm to work. At first, the men received $15 per day, and later they received no pay at all. Although both men were in their sixties, they had the mental capacity of children between 8 and 10 years old. The Kozminskis told Fulmer and Molitoris that they could not leave the farm, and on one occasion John Kozminski threatened Molitoris with institutionalization. They also failed to provide the men with adequate nutrition, housing, and medical care, and told them not to contact their families or any other outsiders. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually, a herdsman who worked for the Kozminskis became concerned for the welfare of Fulmer and Molitoris and alerted the authorities. County officials removed the men, and the Kozminskis were tried in federal district court for holding Fulmer and Molitoris in involuntary servitude. Based on jury instructions that included forms of coercion other than purely physical, the jury found the Kozminskis guilty. The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the convictions on the grounds that the District Court\u2019s definition of involuntary servitude was too broad.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the protection from involuntary servitude guaranteed by the Thirteenth Amendment extend to the use of psychological coercion?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court. The Court held that precedent had established that the type of involuntary servitude prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment is limited to that \u201cenforced by the use or threatened use of physical or legal coercion.\u201d Involuntary servitude had never before been extended to cover labor compelled by the use of psychological coercion. The government\u2019s use of a broader interpretation makes the criminal nature of the action dependent on the victim\u2019s state of mind, which cannot always be foreseen. The mental state of the victim is only relevant in determining whether or not the physical or legal coercion was effective.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his concurring opinion, Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote that the Court unnecessarily narrowed the definition of the involuntary servitude. He argued that there are many different methods of coercion that can all be equally effective in reducing the victim to a state of involuntary servitude. The proper understanding of the term is defined by the conditions of servitude that the Thirteenth Amendment was meant to eradicate: conditions similar to those of slaves before the Civil War. Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in this concurring opinion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens concurred in the judgment. He argued that the attempt to define \u201cinvoluntary servitude\u201d based on hypothetical situations is irrelevant to the legal issues at hand. Rather, he found that the statute was written to be decided on a case-by-case basis. In this case, the defendants were rightfully convicted on the basis of jury instructions, but Justice Stevens agreed with the Court of Appeals finding that expert testimony was erroneously admitted. Therefore, he agreed with judgment of the Court that the case should be remanded. Justice Harry A. Blackmun joined in the concurrence in the judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":20441,"name":"Carl Ziemba","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/carl_ziemba","view_count":0,"last_name":"Ziemba","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"carl_ziemba"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/14423"},{"advocate":{"ID":45975,"name":"William Bradford Reynolds","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_bradford_reynolds","view_count":0,"last_name":"Reynolds","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"william_bradford_reynolds"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/14424"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":19207,"title":"Oral Argument - February 23, 1988","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/19207"}],"citation":{"volume":"487","page":"931","year":"1988","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/17387"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15104,"name":"Thurgood Marshall","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/thurgood_marshall","view_count":0,"last_name":"Marshall","roles":[{"id":2748,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":-71002800,"date_end":686293200,"appointing_president":"Lyndon B. 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