{"ID":62197,"name":"Carpenter v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1987\/86-422","view_count":0,"docket_number":"86-422","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"David Carpenter","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[560581200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52460"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[564040800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52461"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[535010400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53352"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ER. Foster Winans wrote a column for the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) entitled \u003Cem\u003EHeard on the Street\u003C\/em\u003E (\u003Cem\u003EHeard\u003C\/em\u003E) in which he reported on up-and-coming stocks. In 1983, Winans entered into a scheme that entailed him sending information about the stocks to be featured in \u003Cem\u003EHeard\u003C\/em\u003E to two friends who worked at a brokerage firm. When \u003Cem\u003EHeard\u003C\/em\u003E featured a stock, it generally affected the actual price and quantity of the stock in the market. Over a four-month period, the brokers used Winans\u2019 information regarding stocks yet to be featured in \u003Cem\u003EHeard\u003C\/em\u003E to make trades that resulted in profits of around $690,000. When the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began an investigation, Winans and his co-conspirator Carpenter confessed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe district court found that Winans had breached the duty of confidentiality he owed the WSJ and found him and his co-conspirators guilty of mail and wire fraud as well as securities violations. The petitioners appealed and argued that, because the WSJ\u2014the only alleged victim of the mail and wire fraud charges\u2014had no interest in the stocks being traded, the conviction should be overturned. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the petitioners\u2019 misappropriation of the upcoming publication schedule was sufficient to establish a case for mail and wire fraud. The Circuit court reasoned that the use of mail and wire services had a sufficient nexus to Winans\u0027 knowing breach of his duty of confidentiality he owed the WSJ and that this breach harmed the WSJ.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E(1) Can the petitioners be found guilty of securities crimes against the Wall Street Journal even though the Wall Street Journal had no interest in the securities traded?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E(2) Did the petitioners use mail and wire services as an essential part of their scheme to defraud the Wall Street Journal of its property?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes, yes. Justice Byron R. White delivered the opinion for the unanimous Court. The Court was evenly divided as to whether or not the Wall Street Journal\u2019s lack of interest in the securities traded cleared petitioners of the charged crimes, and because of that split, the Court deferred to the appellate court\u2019s judgment. The Court unanimously rejected petitioners\u2019 arguments that they did not obtain any money or property from the WSJ and therefore that the state did not prove the required elements of the mail and wire fraud statutes. The Court held that the publication schedule and the contents of the column while being intangible, were still property sufficient to warrant a conviction. In addition, the Court rejected petitioners\u2019 arguments that Winans\u2019 actions were simply a violation of workplace rules and could amount to defrauding. The Court determined that the dissemination of the column via mail and wire was an essential part of petitioners\u2019 scheme, which satisfied the final element of the mail and wire fraud statute.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":20619,"name":"Don D. 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