{"ID":62209,"name":"Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1987\/86-7113","view_count":0,"docket_number":"86-7113","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Kadrmas","second_party":"Dickinson Public Schools","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[575704800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52484"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[583131600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52485"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[560408400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53671"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ENorth Dakota was a sparsely populated state, and as late as the mid-20th century some children were educated in crowded one-room schools. Since 1947, the legislature encouraged thinly populated school districts to reorganize themselves into larger districts; once reorganized, districts could only charge for transportation provisions with voter approval. Dickinson Public Schools chose not to participate in the reorganization. In 1973, the district began charging a fee for door-to-door bus service; about thirteen percent of students rode the bus, and the district charged their parents ninety-seven dollars a year for one child or one hundred fifty dollars a year for two children. In 1979, North Dakota enacted legislation expressly indicating that non-reorganized school districts could charge fees for transporting students.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESarita Kadrmas, her mother Paula, and the rest of her family lived about sixteen miles from Sarita\u2019s school. In September 1985, the family\u2019s annual income was at or near the poverty level. Until 1985, the Kadrmas family agreed each year to pay the busing fee for Sarita, but they refused to sign a contract for the 1985 school year and the bus no longer stopped for Sarita. The Kadrmas family then used private transportation, but the costs exceeded $1,000 per school year.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn September 1985, Paula Kadrmas and other parents in the district filed an action in state court seeking to enjoin the Dickinson Public Schools and various school district officials from collecting any bus service fees. The district court rejected their action on the merits. On appeal to the Supreme Court of North Dakota, rejected Kadrmas\u2019 argument that the busing fee violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It characterized the statute as purely economic legislation, concluding that the charges authorized by the statute were rationally related to the legitimate government objective of allocating limited resources. In the spring of 1987, while her appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States was pending, the Kadrmas family signed a busing contract for the remainder of the 1986 school year and paid part of the fee. They also signed a contract for the 1987 school year.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Was Kadrmas\u2019 petition for a writ of certiorari barred because she was contracting for bus service with Dickinson Public Schools while her appeal was pending?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Did the application of a busing fee by Dickinson Public Schools deprive Sarita Kadrmas of a minimum access to education?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E3. Did the application of a busing fee by Dickinson Public Schools to students at some but not all districts deprive students of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo, no, and no. In a 5-4 decision written by Justice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor, the Court held that North Dakota\u2019s statute allowing non-reorganized schools to charge busing fees did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice O\u2019Connor first rejected the district\u2019s contention that Kadrmas\u2019 was barred from appeal because her daughter was enjoying the benefits of the district\u2019s bus service. She noted that the legislature authorized bus service through a different statute, and characterized the fee as a burden to Kadrmas, not a benefit. She also held that the case was not moot, in part because a decision in Kadrmas\u2019 favor would relieve them from future assessments for bus service.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice O\u2019Connor interpreted Kadrmas\u2019 argument to mean that the busing fee unconstitutionally placed a greater obstacle to education on poorer families. Justice O\u2019Connor disagreed that the Court must subject the statute to heightened scrutiny, in part because the government did not penalize Sarita for her parents\u2019 conduct. Justice O\u2019Connor also rejected Kadrmas\u2019 argument that North Dakota was constitutionally barred from withholding bus services from those unable to pay because those services were especially important. Unlike court access and court remedies, North Dakota did not maintain a legal or practical monopoly on the means of transporting children to school. Moreover, the Kadrmas family could and did find a private alternative to the public school bus service.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice O\u2019Connor also held that the statute did not violate equal protection by only allowing fees for bus service in non-reorganized schools. She wrote that Kadrmas failed to demonstrate that the statute was both arbitrary and irrational. The purpose of the statute was to encourage reorganization through the expansion of districts\u2019 tax bases, and the fees existed to encourage voters to approve school district reorganization. She noted that voters in reorganized districts could approve bus service fees as well.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Thurgood Marshall dissented, joined by Justice William Brennan. He characterized the majority\u2019s ruling as a retreat from the promise of equal education opportunity. He argued that North Dakota\u2019s actions placed a special burden on poor families in their pursuit of education and discriminated on the basis of economic status.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens dissented, joined by Justice Harry Blackmun. He argued that once voters in a district decided whether or not to reorganize, there was no longer a rational basis for denying free bus transportation to students in that particular district.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":null,"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":23382,"title":"Oral Argument - March 30, 1988","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/23382"}],"citation":{"volume":"487","page":"450","year":"1988","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/27004"},"decisions":[{"description":"Appellants are not estopped from raising an equal protection challenge to the statute that authorizes the fee Appellees charge.","votes":[{"member":{"ID":15092,"name":"Sandra Day O\u0027Connor","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/sandra_day_oconnor","view_count":0,"last_name":"O\u0027Connor","roles":[{"id":2736,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":370242000,"date_end":1138687200,"appointing_president":"Ronald Reagan","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2736"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32763,"mime":"image\/png","size":49563,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/sandra_day_oconnor\/sandra_day_oconnor.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8894,"identifier":"sandra_day_oconnor"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"majority","joining":null,"seniority":7,"ideology":1.571,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/207768"},{"member":{"ID":15141,"name":"William H. 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