{"ID":53599,"name":"Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1988\/87-1167","view_count":0,"docket_number":"87-1167","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Price Waterhouse","second_party":"Ann B. Hopkins","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[594280800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36091"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[610002000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36092"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[573717600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53762"}],"lower_court":{"ID":16,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/16"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EAnn Hopkins worked at Price Waterhouse for five years before being proposed for partnership.  Although Hopkins secured a $25 million government contract that year, the board decided to put her proposal on hold for the following year.  The next year, when Price Waterhouse refused to re-propose her for partnership, she sued under Title VII for sex discrimination.  Of 622 partners at Price Waterhouse, 7 were women.  The partnership selection process relied on recommendations by other partners, some of whom openly opposed women in advanced positions, but Hopkins also had problems with being overly aggressive and not getting along with office staff.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe district court held that Price Waterhouse had discriminated, but Hopkins was not entitled to full damages because her poor interpersonal skills also contributed to the board\u2019s decision.  The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed, but held that the employer is not liable if it can show by clear and convincing evidence that it would have made the same employment decision in the absence of discrimination.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the Court of Appeals err in requiring the employer to prove it would have made the same employment decision in the absence of discrimination by clear and convincing evidence?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes in part.  In a 6-3 decision, Justice William J. Brennan wrote the plurality opinion reversing the lower court and remanding.  The Supreme Court held that the court of appeals applied the right test, but should have placed the burden at \u201cpreponderance of the evidence\u201d not \u201cclear and convincing evidence\u201d.  On remand, Price Waterhouse would escape liability if it shows it would have denied Hopkins partnership even if she were not a woman.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Byron R. White wrote a concurrence, stating that there was no requirement for the employer to submit objective evidence.  The employer\u2019s credible testimony alone was enough.  Justice Sandra Day O\u2019Connor wrote a concurrence, expressing that the Court\u2019s opinion was only a supplement to \u003Ci\u003EMcDonnell Douglas\u003C\/i\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Anthony Kennedy wrote a dissent, stating that he would stick with the evidentiary standards from \u003Ci\u003EMcDonnell Douglas\u003C\/i\u003E.  Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist and Justice Antonin Scalia joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30928,"name":"James H. 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