{"ID":53758,"name":"Horton v. California","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1989\/88-7164","view_count":0,"docket_number":"88-7164","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Terry Brice Horton","second_party":"California","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[635580000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36400"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[644475600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36401"},{"event":"Granted","dates":[623998800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/53644"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn January 13, 1985, Erwin Paul Wallaker, the treasurer of the San Jose Coin Club, returned home with the proceeds from the annual coin convention, which Terry Brice Horton attended. Upon entering his garage, two robbers accosted Wallaker; one was armed with a machine gun and the other with an electric shocking device. They threw him to the ground, shocked him, bound him, and robbed him of jewelry and cash. During this interaction, Wallaker was able to identify Horton by the sound of his voice. The three witnesses who discovered Wallaker partially corroborated his identification of Horton. They saw someone leaving the scene carrying what looked like an umbrella.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESergeant LaRault determined there was enough evidence to search Horton\u2019s home, and obtained a warrant to do so. His affidavit for the search warrant described both the weapons and the proceeds of the robbery, but the warrant only granted permission to look for the stolen property. While searching Horton\u2019s house, Sergeant LaRault did not find the property, but he did find an Uzi machine gun, a .38 caliber revolver, two stun guns, and a handcuff key, along with other items linking Horton to the crime.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe evidence was admitted into evidence at  trial, and Horton was found guilty. The California Court of Appeals affirmed the verdict, and the California Supreme Court denied the petitioner\u2019s request for review. \u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Fourth Amendment prohibit the warrantless seizure of evidence in plain sight if the discovery of such evidence was not inadvertent?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice John Paul Stevens, writing for a 7-2 majority, held that the seizure of evidence in plain view does not constitute the invasion of privacy that the Fourth Amendment is meant to prohibit. Once an officer has a warrant to search a suspect\u2019s house, that officer may seize any obviously incriminating evidence that the officer finds in plain view. The Court also held that the \u201cinadvertent\u201d limitation does not limit the scope of the search further than the warrant itself does. In this case, since the warrant was specifically for the stolen property, the officer had to limit his search to the likely places where the property might be kept. Since the officer also had probable cause to believe that certain types of weapons were used in the commission of the crime, he could legally seize the weapons if they were found in the course of that search.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote a dissenting opinion in which he argued that the Fourth Amendment requires police officers to obtain specific warrants from impartial judges and to limit their searches to the items described. He defines the \u201cinadvertent\u201d limitation much more narrowly. It applies only when the officer is legally in a location and did not anticipate the discovery of such evidence. Justice Thurgood Marshall joined in the dissent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36108,"name":"Martin S. 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