{"ID":53689,"name":"Pennsylvania v. Muniz","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1989\/89-213","view_count":0,"docket_number":"89-213","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Pennsylvania","second_party":"Inocencio Muniz","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[636098400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36266"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[645685200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36267"}],"lower_court":{"ID":76,"name":"State appellate court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/state_appellate_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn November 30, 1986, a patrol officer saw Inocencio Muniz and another passenger in a car stopped on the shoulder of a highway. When the officer approached, he could smell alcohol on Muniz\u2019s breath and saw that his eyes were bloodshot and his face was flushed. The officer advised Muniz to remain parked, but as he was leaving he saw Muniz drive off. The officer pulled Muniz over and had him perform three field sobriety tests, all of which Muniz failed. Muniz told the officer he failed them because he had been drinking. The officer arrested Muniz and took him to a booking center, where he was told that his actions and voice were being recorded, but no one read him his Miranda rights. Muniz answered a series of questions about himself and stumbled over an answer regarding the year he turned six. Muniz again failed three field sobriety tests and refused a breathalyzer test. The officer then read Muniz his Miranda rights, and Muniz signed a statement waiving them. In subsequent questioning, he admitted to being under the influence of alcohol.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt trial, the video and audio recordings of Muniz\u2019s behavior at the booking center were admitted into evidence, along with the officer\u2019s reports of Muniz\u2019s failure of the field sobriety tests and his incriminating statements. Muniz was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol. He filed a motion for a new trial and argued that the evidence of his behavior and statements prior to the Miranda warning should have been excluded from trial. The trial court denied the motion. The Superior Court of Pennsylvania reversed and held that the testimony regarding Muniz\u2019s behavior and the results of the field sobriety tests was physical in nature, not testimonial, but that the audio portion of the recording should have been suppressed. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied the application for review.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDo incriminating utterances of a drunk-driving suspect constitute self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. delivered the opinion of the 8-1 majority. The Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment distinguishes between real or physical evidence and testimonial evidence, of which only testimonial evidence is protected under the Amendment. Based on this analysis, the incriminating evidence drawn from physical evidence is admissible, but evidence drawn from the content of statements that relate factual information is not. The Court also held that the Fifth Amendment does not require the suppression of information not elicited by an officer.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist wrote that answers to an officer\u2019s questions should be admissible when the questions are meant to elicit responses to ascertain the suspect\u2019s mental state. In such a case, the questions serve the same purpose as the field sobriety tests, and the answers are not testimonial. Justice Byron R. White, Justice Harry A. Blackmun, and Justice John Paul Stevens joined in the partial concurrence and partial dissent. In his separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, Justice Thurgood Marshall wrote that creating an exception for routine booking questions and their answers undermined the rights the Miranda warning was meant to protect. He argued that the questions the police asked Muniz were intended to elicit incriminating responses, and because the police asked the questions before reading Muniz his Miranda rights, the evidence of the questions and their answers should be suppressed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u00a0\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30195,"name":"J. Michael Eakin","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/j_michael_eakin","view_count":0,"last_name":"Eakin","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"j_michael_eakin"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/14926"},{"advocate":{"ID":40063,"name":"Richard F. 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