{"ID":53904,"name":"Virginia Bankshares, Inc.  v. Sandberg","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1990\/89-1448","view_count":0,"docket_number":"89-1448","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Virginia Bankshares, Inc.","second_party":"Sandberg","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[655448400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36676"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[677998800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36677"}],"lower_court":{"ID":9,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/9"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EFirst American Bankshares, Inc. (FABI) began a \u0022freeze-out\u0022 merger in which the First American Bank of Virginia (Bank) merged into Virginia Bankshares, Inc. (VBI), a wholly owned subsidiary of FABI. VBI already owned 85% of the Bank\u0027s shares, and would acquire the remaining 15% from the Bank\u0027s minority shareholders. The Bank\u0027s executive committee and full board approved the merger at $42 a share. The directors then solicited proxies for voting on the proposed merger at the next annual meeting. In their solicitation, the directors stated that they approved the plan because the price allowed the minority shareholders to achieve a \u0022high\u0022 value for their stock. Sandberg did not give her approval of the merger and brought suit, the federal ground for which was soliciting proxies in violation of SEC Rule 14a-9, which prohibits the solicitation of proxies by means of materially false or misleading statements. The trial court instructed the jury that it could find for Sandberg as long as the proxy solicitation involved material misstatements, and the proxy solicitation was an \u0022essential link\u0022 in the merger process. The jury found for Sandberg, awarding her $18 a share, finding that she would have received that much more if the stock had been valued adequately.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EFirst, can a proxy statement couched in conclusory or qualitative terms, such as \u0022high value,\u0022 purporting to explain the directors\u0027 reasons for recommending a corporate action, be materially misleading within the meaning of Rule 14a-9? Second, can causation of damages compensable under Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. Section 78n(a), be shown by members of a class of minority shareholders whose votes are not required by law or corporate bylaw to authorize the corporate action subject to the proxy solicitation?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes and no, respectively. Terms like \u0022high value,\u0022 in a commercial context, are reasonably understood to rest on a factual basis, and so could be shown to be misleading by garden-variety evidence. Furthermore, they can be materially misleading even if other information is available in the statement upon which an expert could deduce that they are false. A proxy statement should inform, not challenge the reader\u0027s critical wits. However, the link between the statement and the merger process is too speculative and too procedurally intractable to find an implied private right of action in cases in which the minority shareholders\u0027 votes are not required by law or corporate bylaw, and where the plaintiff\u0027s theory is that the vote was cosmetic.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":42002,"name":"Stephen M. 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