{"ID":53945,"name":"Franklin v. Massachusetts","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1991\/91-1502","view_count":0,"docket_number":"91-1502","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Franklin","second_party":"Massachusetts","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[703832400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36755"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[709534800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/36756"}],"lower_court":null,"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EUnder Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution, a census must be conducted every ten years and the distribution of Representatives in Congress adjusted to provide proportional representation. The census is designed and carried out by the Secretary of Commerce before the results are forwarded to the President, who determines the number of Representatives each state will receive. In 1990, for only the second time since 1900, the census allocated employees of the Department of Defense who were stationed overseas to the states designated their \u0022homes of record.\u0022 Massachusetts claimed that this adjustment of the census shifted one Representative from Massachusetts to Washington state. They brought suit under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and the Constitution, arguing that the allocation of overseas personnel to their \u0022homes of record\u0022 was arbitrary and capricious under the APA standards and did not meet the constitutional requirement of counting the number of people \u0022in each State.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the Secretary of Commerce\u0027s decision to apportion overseas personnel of the Department of Defense to their \u0022homes of record\u0022 for census purposes meet the constitutional requirement of a census counting the number of people \u0022in each State,\u0022 or was the procedure \u0022arbitrary and capricious\u0022 under the Administrative Procedure Act?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Secretary\u0027s decision was not reviewable under the APA because it was not a \u0022final agency action.\u0022 Justice Sandra Day O\u0027Connor, in the majority opinion, wrote that only agency decisions that complete the decision-making process and directly affect the party bring suit may be challenged under the APA. In this case the Secretary\u0027s decision resulted merely in a set of findings reported to the President that he could ask to have revised using a different formula. Also, the recommendation (and therefore the procedure used to arrive at it) did not directly affect Massachusetts; the President had to take action before the findings would affect the number of Representatives apportioned to the State. The procedure and the findings that resulted from it, therefore, was not a \u0022final agency action\u0022 challengeable under the APA, and the actions of the President are also not challengeable under the APA.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvaluating the Secretary\u0027s chosen procedure under Article I Section 2 of the Constitution, however, Justice O\u0027Connor ruled that the decision to include overseas personnel of the Department of Defense was a reasonable interpretation of the Constitution\u0027s intent. \u0022The Secretary\u0027s judgment does not hamper the underlying constitutional goal of equal representation, but, assuming that employees temporarily stationed abroad have indeed retained their ties to their home states, actually promotes equality,\u0022 wrote Justice O\u0027Connor.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":20921,"name":"Dwight Golann","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/dwight_golann","view_count":0,"last_name":"Golann","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"dwight_golann"},"advocate_description":"Argued the case for the appellees","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/15502"},{"advocate":{"ID":15086,"name":"John G. 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