{"ID":54110,"name":"Brecht v. Abrahamson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1992\/91-7358","view_count":0,"docket_number":"91-7358","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Todd A. Brecht","second_party":"Gordon A. Abrahamson, Superintendent, Dodge Correctional Institution","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[723189600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/37068"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[735368400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/37069"}],"lower_court":{"ID":12,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/12"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ETodd Brecht was charged with murder for shooting his brother-in-law. During his trial, he testified that the shooting was an accident. In addition to presenting other evidence, the prosecution pointed out his silence (both prior to his receiving the Miranda warnings and after) in an attempt to discredit his testimony. Brecht was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrecht appealed, claiming that the prosecution\u0027s reference to his post-Miranda silence violated his right to due process according to \u003Cem\u003EDoyle v. Ohio\u003C\/em\u003E. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals overturned the conviction, but the Supreme Court of Wisconsin reinstated it. They found that the mention of post-Miranda silence was impermissible under \u003Cem\u003EDoyle\u003C\/em\u003E, but was also harmless error according to the \u0022beyond a reasonable doubt\u0022 standard from \u003Cem\u003EChapman v. California\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrecht sought a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. The District Court upheld his \u003Cem\u003EDoyle\u003C\/em\u003E claim and found that the violation was not harmless error under \u003Cem\u003EChapman\u003C\/em\u003E. Brecht\u0027s conviction was thus overturned again, only to be reinstated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Seventh Circuit held that \u003Cem\u003EChapman\u003C\/em\u003E was not the appropriate standard under which to review \u003Cem\u003EDoyle\u003C\/em\u003E error in federal habeas petitions. Rather than adhering to the \u003Cem\u003EChapman\u003C\/em\u003E standard, the court applied the \u003Cem\u003EKotteakos v. United States\u003C\/em\u003E test, which requires that the \u003Cem\u003EDoyle\u003C\/em\u003E error have a \u0022substantial and injurious effect\u0022 on the jury\u0027s verdict. Brecht\u0027s \u003Cem\u003EDoyle\u003C\/em\u003E claim did not meet this standard, and the Seventh Circuit denied the writ.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the \u0022beyond a reasonable doubt\u0022 standard from \u003Cem\u003EChapman v. California\u003C\/em\u003E the appropriate standard for setting aside a conviction on the basis of constitutional error?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In a 5-4 decision, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist wrote that the \u0022substantial and injurious effect\u0022 test was preferable to the \u0022beyond a reasonable doubt\u0022 test in requests for habeas corpus relief. Habeas proceedings are not to be the primary avenue for resolving disputes; Rehnquist called the writ \u0022an extraordinary remedy\u0022, reserved for the victims of grave injustice. The Kotteakos standard, then, was sufficient to determine whether Brecht deserved habeas relief.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":44087,"name":"William P. 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