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Carrie Jaffee, special administrator for Allen, filed suit in federal District Court alleging that Redmond had violated Allen\u0027s constitutional rights by using excessive force in the encounter. During the trial, Jaffee sought access to the notes from Redmond\u0027s counseling. Redmond\u0027s counsel resisted asserting the conversations were protected against involuntary disclosure by a psychotherapist-patient privilege. The District Court judge rejected the argument, but the notes were not released. The judge instructed the jury that they could presume that the contents could have been unfavorable to Redmond. The jury awarded monetary damages. The Court of Appeals reversed the decision. 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