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The jury had been instructed that the Government had to prove, as an element of the offense, that Lanier had deprived the victims of their Fourteenth Amendment due process right to liberty, which included the right to be free from sexually motivated physical assaults and coerced sexual battery. The District Court denied Lanier\u0027s motion, which sought to dismiss the indictment on the grounds that the law is void for vagueness. The en banc Court of Appeals vacated Lanier\u0027s convictions for \u0022lack of any notice to the public that this ambiguous criminal statute includes simple or sexual assault crimes within its coverage.\u0022 The Court of Appeals held that the law may be imposed only if the constitutional right, said to have been violated, is first identified in a decision of the U.S Supreme Court, and only when the right has been held to apply in a factual situation \u0022fundamentally similar.\u0022 The court regarded these combined requirements as substantially higher than the \u0022clearly established\u0022 standard used to judge qualified immunity in civil cases.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the Court of Appeals use a too demanding standard when it ruled that freedom from sexual assault, as included under the Fourteenth Amendment\u0027s due process right to liberty, has never been recognized as a federally protected constitutional right and therefore cannot be the basis for a federal prosecution?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003Ees. In a unanimous decision, authored by Justice David Souter, the Court ruled that the standard of notice that the Court of Appeals employed was higher than the Constitution requires and too demanding. Justice Souter wrote that the Court of Appeals mistakenly concluded that it takes a Supreme Court decision in a \u0022fundamentally similar\u0022 case to make a constitutional right specific enough that its violation can be prosecuted. Law makes it a crime to deprive anyone of rights \u0022secured . . . by the Constitution.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":16372,"name":"Alfred H. Knight","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/alfred_h_knight","view_count":0,"last_name":"Knight","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"alfred_h_knight"},"advocate_description":"Argued the cause for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/16889"},{"advocate":{"ID":42213,"name":"Seth P. 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