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In 1992, after the State Department rejected her first application for U.S. citizenship, Miller reapplied when a Texas court granted her father\u0027s petition for a paternity decree declaring him her father. When the State Department rejected her citizenship application again, claiming that 8 U.S.C. Section 1409(a) required foreign born illegitimate children of American fathers to be legitimated before age 18, Miller challenged the refusal. She claimed that since Section 1409(c) established at birth the citizenship of an illegitimate foreign-born child whose mother was an American citizen, the State Department\u0027s refusal to do the same under Section 1409(a), when the father is an American citizen, was unconstitutional. On appeal from an appellate court\u0027s decision to affirm the lower court\u0027s dismissal of the case, the Supreme Court granted Miller certiorari.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes 8 U.S.C. Section 1409, establishing upon birth the U.S. citizenship of illegitimate foreign-born children whose mothers only are U.S. citizens but failing to do the same if only their fathers are U.S. citizens, violate the Fifth Amendment\u0027s equal protection guarantees?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. After ruling that Miller had standing to challenge the constitutionality of a federal statute, the Court held that 8 U.S.C. Section 1409 did not violate the Equal Protection Clause. The Court reasoned that different treatment of mothers and fathers of out-of-wedlock children was justified since the two parents are not \u0022similarly situated.\u0022 While the child\u0027s relationship with its father may be undisclosed for several years, its blood relationship to its mother is usually apparent through hospital records. Moreover, whereas birth mothers will know immediately of their child\u0027s existence, birth fathers and their children may never know each other. The statutory requirement that a child born out of wedlock to a citizen father obtain formal proof of paternity by age 18, either through legitimization, written acknowledgment by the father under oath, or adjudication by a competent court, is well tailored to address the difficulties of establishing a child\u0027s citizenship based only on the relation to the father.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":22617,"name":"Edwin S. Kneedler","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/edwin_s_kneedler","view_count":0,"last_name":"Kneedler","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"edwin_s_kneedler"},"advocate_description":"Argued the cause for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/16970"},{"advocate":{"ID":21369,"name":"Donald R. 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