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Fort, and Joseph Tidwell\u0027s trial for \u0022conspiring\u0022 to \u0022possess with intent to...distribute [mixtures containing two] controlled substances,\u0022 the jury was instructed that the Government must prove that the conspiracy involved measurable amounts of \u0022cocaine or cocaine base (crack).\u0022 After the jury returned guilty verdicts, the District Judge imposed sentences based on his finding that each petitioners\u0027 illegal conduct involved both cocaine and crack. On appeal, the petitioners argued that their sentences were unlawful insofar as they were based upon crack, because the word \u0022or\u0022 in the jury instruction meant that the judge must assume that the conspiracy involved only cocaine. The United States Sentencing Guidelines treats cocaine more leniently than crack. The Court of Appeals concluded that the Guidelines require the sentencing judge, not the jury, to determine both the kind and the amount of the drugs at issue in a drug conspiracy.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EMay federal judges sentence someone convicted of taking part in a drug conspiracy based on a finding that two illegal drugs were involved, even if the jury might have convicted based on one drug?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a unanimous opinion delivered by Justice Stephen G. 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