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Section 921(a)(20) provides that a previous conviction is not a predicate for the substantive offense or the enhanced sentence if the offender\u0027s civil rights have been restored, \u0022unless such... restoration... expressly provides that the person may not... possess... firearms.\u0022 In 1993, Gerald Caron was convicted of possessing six rifles and shotguns in violation of section 922(g). The District Court enhanced Caron\u0027s sentence based, in part, on three Massachusetts convictions. In vacating his sentence, the Court of Appeals concluded that a Massachusetts law that permitted Caron to possess rifles, but not handguns, had restored his civil rights. On remand, the District Court found that, because Massachusetts law allowed Caron to possess rifles, section 921(a)(20)\u0027s \u0022unless clause\u0022 was not activated. The Court of Appeals reversed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes 18 USC section 922(g)(1), which forbids felons from possessing firearms and enhances their sentences for a violation, apply to a felon who is allowed under state law to possess rifles and shotguns but not handguns?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 6-3 opinion delivered by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, the Court held that \u0022Massachusetts treats [Caron] as too dangerous to trust with handguns, though it accords this right to law-abiding citizens. Federal law uses this state finding of dangerousness in forbidding [Caron] to have any guns.\u0022 Justice Kennedy wrote for the Court that \u0022the unless clause is activated if a restoration of civil rights \u0027expressly provides that the person may not... possess... firearms.\u0027 Either the restorations forbade possession of \u0027firearms\u0027 and the convictions count for all purposes, or they did not and the convictions count not at all. The unless clause looks to the terms of the past restorations alone and does not refer to the weapons at issue in the present case. So if the Massachusetts convictions count for some purposes, they count for all and bar possession of all guns.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":32215,"name":"Jonathan E. 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