{"ID":54751,"name":"Richardson v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1998\/97-8629","view_count":0,"docket_number":"97-8629","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Richardson","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[919663200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/38261"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[928213200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/38262"}],"lower_court":{"ID":12,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/12"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EA federal criminal statute, 21 U.S.C. section 848(a), proscribes any person from engaging in \u0022continuing criminal enterprise (CCE),\u0022 which is defined as involving a violation of federal drug statutes where such a violation was part of a \u0022continuing series of violations.\u0022 Eddie Richardson, who had organized and managed the Chicago street gang called the Undertaker Vice Lords in order to sell drugs, was charge with a CCE violation. At trial, Richardson proposed to instruct the jury that it must unanimously agree not only that he committed some \u0022continuing series of violations\u0022 but also that the he committed each of the individual \u0022violations\u0022 necessary to make up that \u0022continuing series.\u0022 In other words, the proposed instruction would have required the jury to unanimously agree on which three acts constituted the alleged series of violations. The judge rejected Richardson\u0027s proposal and, instead, instructed the jurors that they must unanimously agree that the defendant committed at least three federal narcotics offenses, but did not have to agree as to the particular offenses. Subsequently, the jury convicted Richardson. The Court of Appeals upheld the trial judge\u0027s jury instruction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the \u0022continuing criminal enterprise\u0022 statute require juror unanimity as to each specific violation of federal law for conviction?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 6-3 opinion delivered by Justice Stephen G. Breyer, the Court held that a jury in a \u0022continuing criminal enterprise\u0022 case is required to agree unanimously not only that accused committed continuing series of violations, but also which specific violations made up the continuing series. Looking to the language of the statute, Justice Breyer concluded that in the law \u0022each \u0027violation\u0027 amounts to a separate element\u0022 and that combined with a \u0022tradition of requiring juror unanimity where the issue is whether a defendant has engaged in conduct that violates the law,\u0022 calls for juror unanimity. In dissent, Justice Anthony Kennedy expressed the view that the Court\u0027s decision \u0022rewards those drug kingpins whose operations are so vast that the individual violations cannot be recalled or charged with specificity.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":44046,"name":"William A. Barnett, Jr.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/william_a_barnett_jr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Barnett,","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"william_a_barnett_jr"},"advocate_description":"Argued the cause for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/17388"},{"advocate":{"ID":28554,"name":"Irving L. 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