{"ID":54793,"name":"Rice v. Cayetano","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/1999\/98-818","view_count":0,"docket_number":"98-818","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Rice","second_party":"Cayetano","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[939186000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/38336"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[951285600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/38337"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Hawaiian Constitution limits the right to vote for the nine trustees of the state agency known as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA). The agency administers programs designed for the benefit of two subclasses of Hawaiian citizenry, \u0022native Hawaiians,\u0022 defined as descendants of not less than one-half part of the races inhabiting the Islands before 1778, and \u0022Hawaiians,\u0022 defined as descendants of the peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands in 1778. Only \u0022Hawaiians\u0022 may vote in the statewide election for the trustees. Harold Rice, born in Hawaii and a Hawaiian citizen, does not have the requisite ancestry to be a \u0022Hawaiian\u0022 under state law. However, Rice applied to vote in OHA trustee elections. After Rice\u0027s application was denied, he sued Hawaiian Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano, claiming that the voting exclusion was invalid under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The Federal District Court granted the state summary judgment. The court examined the voting qualifications with the latitude applied to legislation passed pursuant to Congress\u0027 power over Indian affairs, and found that the electoral scheme was rationally related to the state\u0027s responsibility to utilize a part of the proceeds from certain public lands for the native Hawaiians\u0027 benefit. In affirming, the Court of Appeals found that Hawaii \u0022may rationally conclude that Hawaiians, being the group to whom trust obligations run and to whom OHA trustees owe a duty of loyalty, should be the group to decide who the trustees ought to be.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Hawaiian Constitutional provision, which limits the right to for the trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to qualified \u0022Hawaiians,\u0022 violate the Fifteenth Amendment by creating a race-based voting qualification?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 7-2 opinion delivered by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, the Court held that \u0022Hawaii\u0027s denial of Rice\u0027s right to vote in OHA trustee elections violates the Fifteenth Amendment,\u0022 in creating a race-based voting qualification. \u0022A state may not deny or abridge the right to vote on account of race, and this law does so,\u0022 Justice Kennedy wrote for the Court. The court rejected the state\u0027s argument that the voting limitation was one based on ancestry, not race. In dissent, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote for himself and Ruth Bader Ginsburg that the majority\u0027s decision \u0022rests largely on the repetition of glittering generalities that have little, if any, application to the compelling history of the state of Hawaii.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":43165,"name":"Theodore B. 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