{"ID":54885,"name":"New York Times Company, Inc. v. Tasini","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2000\/00-201","view_count":0,"docket_number":"00-201","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"New York Times Company, Inc.","second_party":"Tasini","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[985759200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51873"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[993445200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/52217"}],"lower_court":{"ID":7,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/7"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EVarious freelance authors wrote articles for various print publishers. The publishers treated the authors as independent contractors under contracts. The publishers each licensed rights to copy and sell articles to LEXIS\/NEXIS, owner and operator of a computerized database containing articles in text-only format. NEXIS does not reproduce the print publication\u0027s formatting. The authors filed suit alleging that their copyrights were infringed when the print publishers placed their articles in the electronic publishers\u0027 databases, such as LEXIS\/NEXIS. In response, the print and electronic publishers raised the privilege accorded collective work copyright owners by section 201(c) of the Copyright Act. In granting the publishers summary judgment, the District Court held that the electronic databases reproduced and distributed the authors\u0027 works, under section 201(c), \u0022as part of...[a] revision of that collective work\u0022 to which the authors had first contributed. In reversing, the Court of Appeals found that the databases were not among the collective works covered by section 201(c), and specifically, were not \u0022revisions\u0022 of the periodicals in which the Articles first appeared.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDo print and electronic publishers violate the copyrights of freelance authors when they include the freelancers\u0027 already-published articles in computer databases without the author\u0027s permission?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 7-2 opinion delivered by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Court held that section 201(c) does not authorize the copying at issue. \u0022The publishers are not sheltered by [section 201(c)], we conclude, because the databases reproduce and distribute articles standing alone and not in context, not \u0027as part of that particular collective work\u0027 to which the author contributed, \u0027as part of...any revision\u0027 thereof, or \u0027as part of...any later collective work in the same series.\u0027 Both the print publishers and the electronic publishers, we rule, have infringed the copyrights of the freelance authors,\u0022 wrote Justice Ginsburg. Dissenting, Justice John Paul Stevens, joined by Justice Stephen G. Breyer, argued that \u0022[e]ach individual file still reminds the reader that he is viewing \u0027part of\u0027 a particular collective work. 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