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The photographs were used in posters, packaging, and advertising materials. Subsequently, Leatherman filed an action asserting claims of trade-dress infringement, unfair competition, and false advertising under the Trademark Act of 1946 (Lanham Act). Ultimately, a trial jury awarded Leatherman $50,000 in compensatory damages and $4.5 million in punitive damages. The District Court then entered judgment, rejecting Cooper\u0027s argument that the punitive damages were grossly excessive. In affirming, the Court of Appeals, using an \u0022abuse of discretion\u0022 standard, concluded that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in declining to reduce the award.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDid the Court of Appeals review the constitutionality of the punitive damages award against Cooper Industries, Inc. under the correct standard?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In an 8-1 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court held that the Courts of Appeals should apply a de novo standard when reviewing district court determinations of the constitutionality of punitive damages awards. Because the Court of Appeals applied an \u0022abuse of discretion\u0022 standard, a less demanding standard, the Court vacated the judgment and remanded the case for a determination on whether the award was grossly excessive under the correct standard.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":31723,"name":"Jonathan S. 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