{"ID":55092,"name":"United States v. Navajo Nation","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2002\/01-1375","view_count":0,"docket_number":"01-1375","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"United States","second_party":"Navajo Nation","timeline":[{"event":"Argued","dates":[1038808800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/38902"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1046757600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/38903"}],"lower_court":{"ID":17,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/17"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Indian Mineral Leasing Act of 1938 (IMLA) allows Indian tribes, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, to lease the mining rights on their tribal lands to private companies. In 1964, Navajo Nation (tribe) entered into a lease with the predecessor of Peabody Coal Company, allowing Peabody to mine on the tribe\u0027s land in return for a royalty of 37.5 cents for every ton of coal mined. The agreement was subject to renegotiation after 20 years. By 1984, the tribe\u0027s royalty was only worth 2% of Peabody\u0027s gross proceeds. In 1977 Congress had required a minimum of 12.5%. The tribe requested that the Secretary set a new rate, and the Director of Bureau of Indian Affairs for the Navajo Area, as the Secretary\u0027s representative, made a preliminary decision to set the rate at 20%. Peabody\u0027s representatives urged the Secretary to reverse or delay the decision. The Secretary agreed, and urged the parties to resume negotiations. The tribe and Peabody agreed on a rate of 12.5%. In 1993, however, the tribe sued the government in the Court of Federal Claims, alleging a breach of trust and claiming $600 million in damages. The court ruled for the government, explaining that though the government may have betrayed the tribe\u0027s trust by acting in Peabody\u0027s interest rather than the tribe\u0027s, it had not violated any specific statutory or regulatory obligation. The tribe was therefore not entitled to monetary relief. On appeal, the tribe argued that the entirety of the IMLA imposes on the government a broad obligation to look after the wellbeing of the tribe. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit agreed and reversed the lower court, finding that \u0022the Secretary must act in the best interests of the Indian tribes.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003ECan the U.S. be held liable for a breach of trust with an Indian Tribe in connection with the negotiation of a mining lease, even when the U.S. has violated no specific statutory or regulatory duty established in the Indian Mineral Leasing Act of 1938?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In a 6-3 decision, the Court ruled that an Indian Tribe must \u0022identify a substantive source of law that establishes specific fiduciary or other duties.\u0022 The opinion by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg held that the IMLA could not be interpreted to require the Secretary to exercise broad authority to manage the tribe\u0027s resources for the tribe\u0027s benefit. Instead, the tribe itself controls negotiations and the Secretary has a more limited role in approving the agreements. The Court concluded that no provision of the IMLA entitled the tribe to monetary damages as a result of the government\u0027s role in the negotiations. Justice Souter, joined by justices Stevens and O\u0027Connor, wrote a dissent arguing that the Secretary\u0027s approval power must be exercised for the tribe\u0027s benefit, and monetary damages may be awarded if the power is misused.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":22617,"name":"Edwin S. Kneedler","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/edwin_s_kneedler","view_count":0,"last_name":"Kneedler","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"edwin_s_kneedler"},"advocate_description":"on behalf of the Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/18373"},{"advocate":{"ID":37908,"name":"Paul E. 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