{"ID":55184,"name":"BedRoc Limited, LLC v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2003\/02-1593","view_count":0,"docket_number":"02-1593","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"BedRoc Limited, LLC, and Western Elite, Inc.","second_party":"United States, et al.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1064898000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39131"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1074578400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39132"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1080712800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39133"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EBedRoc Ltd. and Western Elite, Inc., own property in Nevada patented under the federal Pittman Act (1919). (The act was repealed in 1964.) The act authorized the issuance of patents to desert lands in Nevada to individuals who successfully developed underground water resources. However, the act specified that patents reserve to the United States \u0022all the coal and other valuable minerals\u0022 in the patented lands. When the previous owner of BedRoc and Western Elite\u0027s land extracted and sold commercially valuable sand and gravel from the lands without a federal mineral contract, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) gave notification that the mining was illegal under federal law. The owner lost an appeal to the Interior Board of Land Appeals (IBLA). Once BedRoc and Western Elite owned the land, they filed suit in U.S. district court, arguing that the Pittman Act\u0027s \u0022valuable minerals\u0022 provision did not include valuable sand and gravel. The district court rejected the companies\u0027 argument and sided with the United States. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the reservation to the United States of all \u0022coal and other valuable minerals\u0022 in patents issued under the Pittman Act (1919) include commercially valuable sand and gravel?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In an plurality opinion written by Chief Justice William Rehnquist and joined by three other Justices, the Court ruled that because sand and gravel were not commercially valuable in 1919 when the Pittman Act was passed, they were not \u0022valuable minerals\u0022 covered under the Act. Although the Court had interpreted \u0022minerals\u0022 expansively in the past, the Court held that the adjective \u0022valuable\u0022 limited the term sufficiently to exclude sand and gravel. The Court emphasized that since the plain text of the statute was clear, there was no need to delve into the legislative history of the Act. Justice Thomas, joined by Justice Breyer, wrote a separate concurring opinion in which he agreed that sand and gravel were not \u0022valuable minerals\u0022 under the Act, but disputed the plurality\u0027s reliance on the word \u0022valuable.\u0022 Justice Stevens, joined by Justices Souter and Ginsburg, dissented. The dissent argued that the legislative history of the Pittman Act indicated that \u0022valuable minerals\u0022 should be interpreted broadly to include sand and gravel.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":39919,"name":"R. Timothy McCrum","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/r_timothy_mccrum","view_count":0,"last_name":"McCrum","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"r_timothy_mccrum"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/18705"},{"advocate":{"ID":43276,"name":"Thomas L. 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