{"ID":56172,"name":"McConnell v. Federal Election Commission","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2003\/02-1674","view_count":0,"docket_number":"02-1674","additional_docket_numbers":["02-1675","02-1676","02-1702","02-1727","02-1733","02-1734","02-1740","02-1747","02-1753","02-1755","02-1756"],"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Appeal","first_party":"Mitch McConnell, U.S. Senator","second_party":"Federal Election Commission","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1054789200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51658"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1062997200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51657"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1071036000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/51659"}],"lower_court":{"ID":146,"name":"Federal district court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/courts\/federal_district_court"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EIn early 2002, a many years-long effort by Senators John McCain and Russell Feingold to reform the way that money is raised for--and spent during-- political campaigns culminated in the passage of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (the so-called McCain-Feingold bill sometimes referred to as BCRA). Its key provisions were a) a ban on unrestricted (\u0022soft money\u0022) donations made directly to political parties (often by corporations, unions, or wealthy individuals) and on the solicitation of those donations by elected officials; b) limits on the advertising that unions, corporations, and non-profit organizations can engage in up to 60 days prior to an election; and c) restrictions on political parties\u0027 use of their funds for advertising on behalf of candidates (in the form of \u0022issue ads\u0022 or \u0022coordinated expenditures\u0022).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe campaign finance reform bill contained an unusual provision providing for an early federal trial and a direct appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, by-passing the typical federal judicial process. In May a special three-judge panel struck down portions of the Campaign Finance Reform Act\u0027s ban on soft-money donations but upheld some of the Act\u0027s restrictions on the kind of advertising that parties can engage in. The ruling was stayed until the Supreme Court could hear and decide the resulting appeals.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoes the \u0022soft money\u0022 ban of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 exceed Congress\u0027s authority to regulate elections under Article 1, Section 4 of the United States Constitution and\/or violate the First Amendment\u0027s protection of the freedom to speak?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDo regulations of the source, content, or timing of political advertising in the Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002 violate the First Amendment\u0027s free speech clause?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EWith a few exceptions, the Court answered \u0022no\u0022 to both questions in a 5-to-4 decision written by Justices Sandra Day O\u0027Connor and John Paul Stevens. Because the regulations dealt mostly with soft-money contributions that were used to register voters and increase attendance at the polls, not with campaign expenditures (which are more explicitly a statement of political values and therefore deserve more protection), the Court held that the restriction on free speech was minimal. It then found that the restriction was justified by the government\u0027s legitimate interest in preventing \u0022both the actual corruption threatened by large financial contributions and... the appearance of corruption\u0022 that might result from those contributions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn response to challenges that the law was too broad and unnecessarily regulated conduct that had not been shown to cause corruption (such as advertisements paid for by corporations or unions), the Court found that such regulation was necessary to prevent the groups from circumventing the law. Justices O\u0027Connor and Stevens wrote that \u0022money, like water, will always find an outlet\u0022 and that the government was therefore justified in taking steps to prevent schemes developed to get around the contribution limits.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Court also rejected the argument that Congress had exceeded its authority to regulate elections under Article I, Section 4 of the Constitution. The Court found that the law only affected state elections in which federal candidates were involved and also that it did not prevent states from creating separate election laws for state and local elections.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E[In total, the Court addressed 21 sections of federal law. We have distilled these disparate components into 12 separate votes which we detail at the end of this document.]\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":33983,"name":"Kenneth W. Starr","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/kenneth_w_starr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Starr","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"kenneth_w_starr"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for McConnell et al.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20915"},{"advocate":{"ID":23503,"name":"Floyd Abrams","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/floyd_abrams","view_count":0,"last_name":"Abrams","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"floyd_abrams"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for McConnell et al.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20916"},{"advocate":{"ID":56174,"name":"Bobby R. Burchfield","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/node\/56174","view_count":0,"last_name":"Burchfield","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"bobby_r_burchfield"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for the political party plaintiffs","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20923"},{"advocate":{"ID":43165,"name":"Theodore B. Olson","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/theodore_b_olson","view_count":0,"last_name":"Olson","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"theodore_b_olson"},"advocate_description":"Solicitor General, Department of Justice, argued the cause for the Federal Election Commission et al.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20918"},{"advocate":{"ID":37772,"name":"Paul D. 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Gold","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/laurence_e_gold","view_count":0,"last_name":"Gold","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"laurence_e_gold"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for the AFL-CIO, appellants in No. 02-1755 and appellees in No. 02-2676 and 02-1702","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20921"},{"advocate":{"ID":33043,"name":"Jay Alan Sekulow","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jay_alan_sekulow","view_count":0,"last_name":"Sekulow","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jay_alan_sekulow"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for Emily Echols et al.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20922"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":21704,"title":"Oral Argument - September 08, 2003 (Part 1)","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/21704"},{"id":22226,"title":"Oral Argument - September 08, 2003 (Part 2)","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/22226"}],"citation":{"volume":"540","page":"93","year":"2003","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/20954"},"decisions":[{"description":"Banned the use of \u0022soft\u0022 money by national party committees and by state and local parties affecting federal elections.","votes":[{"member":{"ID":15060,"name":"John Paul Stevens","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/john_paul_stevens","view_count":0,"last_name":"Stevens","roles":[{"id":2704,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":188200800,"date_end":1277787600,"appointing_president":"Gerald Ford","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2704"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32732,"mime":"image\/png","size":62101,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/john_paul_stevens\/john_paul_stevens.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":12611,"identifier":"john_paul_stevens"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"coauthored majority","joining":null,"seniority":2,"ideology":-2.879,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/133722"},{"member":{"ID":15092,"name":"Sandra Day O\u0027Connor","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/sandra_day_oconnor","view_count":0,"last_name":"O\u0027Connor","roles":[{"id":2736,"type":"scotus_justice","date_start":370242000,"date_end":1138687200,"appointing_president":"Ronald Reagan","role_title":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","institution_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/preson_role\/scotus_justice\/2736"}],"thumbnail":{"id":32763,"mime":"image\/png","size":49563,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/people\/sandra_day_oconnor\/sandra_day_oconnor.thumb.png"},"length_of_service":8894,"identifier":"sandra_day_oconnor"},"vote":"majority","opinion_type":"coauthored majority","joining":null,"seniority":3,"ideology":0.195,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/decision_vote\/decision_vote\/133723"},{"member":{"ID":15042,"name":"David H. 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