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Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2004\/03-1388","view_count":0,"docket_number":"03-1388","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Douglas Spector, et al.","second_party":"Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1096347600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39342"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1109570400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39343"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1118034000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39344"}],"lower_court":{"ID":10,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/10"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EA group of disabled people who travelled on Norwegian Cruise Line ships sued the company in federal district court and alleged two of its ships did not conform with Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The company argued the ADA did not apply to the two ships because, though the ships sailed out of Texas, they sailed under the Bahamian flag. The district court dismissed the group\u0027s claims and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled foreign-flagged cruise ships are not subject to Title III of the ADA.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act apply to foreign-flagged cruise ships in U.S. waters?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. The Court held 6-3 that Title III applied to foreign-flag cruise ships in U.S. waters. Justice Kennedy delivered the Court\u0027s controlling opinion, which held that Title III did not apply to foreign ships\u0027 internal affairs, because there was no \u0022clear congressional statement\u0022 showing an intent to do so. A clear statement was necessary before a general law could interfere with a foreign-vessel\u0027s internal affairs. Title III\u0027s own limitations, however, prevented the statute from imposing requirements that would have threatened safety on the ship or conflicted with international obligations. If Title III were to impose certain requirements, such as major structural modifications, the clear statement rule could bar such an interference.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":21494,"name":"David B. Salmons","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/david_b_salmons","view_count":0,"last_name":"Salmons","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"david_b_salmons"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for Petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/18998"},{"advocate":{"ID":20869,"name":"David C. 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