{"ID":55266,"name":"Roper v. Simmons","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2004\/03-633","view_count":0,"docket_number":"03-633","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Donald P. Roper, Superintendent, Potosi Correctional Center","second_party":"Christopher Simmons","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1075096800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39360"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1097643600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39361"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1109656800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39362"}],"lower_court":{"ID":46,"name":"Supreme Court of Missouri","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/46"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EChristopher Simmons was sentenced to death in 1993, when he was only 17. A series of appeals to state and federal courts lasted until 2002, but each appeal was rejected. Then, in 2002, the Missouri Supreme Court stayed Simmon\u0027s execution while the U.S. Supreme Court decided Atkins v. Virginia, a case that dealt with the execution of the mentally disabled. After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that executing the mentally disabled (or \u0022mentally retarded\u0022 in the vernacular of the day) violated the Eighth and 14th Amendment prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment because a majority of Americans found it cruel and unusual, the Missouri Supreme Court decided to reconsider Simmons\u0027 case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUsing the reasoning from the Atkins case, the Missouri court decided, 6-to-3, that the U.S. Supreme Court\u0027s 1989 decision in Stanford v. Kentucky, which held that executing minors was not unconstitutional, was no longer valid. The opinion in Stanford v. Kentucky had relied on a finding that a majority of Americans did not consider the execution of minors to be cruel and unusual. The Missouri court, citing numerous laws passed since 1989 that limited the scope of the death penalty, held that national opinion had changed. Finding that a majority of Americans were now opposed to the execution of minors, the court held that such executions were now unconstitutional.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, the government argued that allowing a state court to overturn a Supreme Court decision by looking at \u0022evolving standards\u0022 would be dangerous, because state courts could just as easily decide that executions prohibited by the Supreme Court (such as the execution of the mentally ill in Atkins v. Virginia) were now permissible due to a change in the beliefs of the American people.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the execution of minors violate the prohibition of \u0022cruel and unusual punishment\u0022 found in the Eighth Amendment and applied to the states through the incorporation doctrine of the 14th Amendment?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. In a 5-4 opinion delivered by Justice Anthony Kennedy, the Court ruled that standards of decency have evolved so that executing minors is \u0022cruel and unusual punishment\u0022 prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. The majority cited a consensus against the juvenile death penalty among state legislatures, and its own determination that the death penalty is a disproportionate punishment for minors. Finally the Court pointed to \u0022overwhelming\u0022 international opinion against the juvenile death penalty. Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justices Antonin Scalia, Sandra Day O\u0027Connor, and Clarence Thomas all dissented.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":31466,"name":"James R. Layton","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/james_r_layton","view_count":0,"last_name":"Layton","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"james_r_layton"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/19020"},{"advocate":{"ID":42213,"name":"Seth P. 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