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Johnson argued the eliminations were based on race. The judge denied Johnson\u0027s motions and held that Johnson had failed to show a \u0022strong likelihood\u0022 that the dismissals were race-based. The judge relied on People v. Wheeler, the 1978 case in which the California Supreme Court ruled that to establish a prima facie case of racial bias in peremptory challenges, the objector had to show \u0022strong likelihood\u0022 that the challenges were race-based. The jury found Johnson guilty of second-degree murder.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohnson appealed and argued that the \u0022strong likelihood\u0022 standard in Wheeler was at odds with the \u0027reasonable inference\u0022 standard the U.S. Supreme Court set in Batson v. Kentucky (1986). The appeals court agreed and reversed Johnson\u0027s conviction. The California Supreme Court reversed and ruled that the two standards were the same. The U.S. Supreme Court at first dismissed Johnson\u0027s appeal because the case was not finalized (see \u003Cem\u003EJohnson v. California\u003C\/em\u003E 2004, No. 03-6539). After another round of appeals, however, the Court agreed to decide the case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIn order to establish a \u003Cem\u003Eprima facie\u003C\/em\u003E case under \u003Cem\u003EBatson v. Kentucky\u003C\/em\u003E, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), must the objector show that it is more likely than not that the other party\u0027s peremptory challenges were based on impermissible group bias?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In an 8-1 decision, the Court reversed the California Supreme Court and ruled that California\u0027s standard for objections to peremptory challenges was incompatible with the standard set forth in \u003Cem\u003EBatson\u003C\/em\u003E. The opinion by Justice John Paul Stevens explained that the Court had not intended that the objector would have to prove that a peremptory challenge was \u0022more likely than not the product of purposeful discrimination.\u0022 The Court ruled that in the first step of the \u003Cem\u003EBatson\u003C\/em\u003E procedure, the objector only needs to \u0022produc[e] evidence sufficient to permit the trial judge to draw an inference that discrimination has occurred.\u0022 The objector ultimately has to prove that the peremptory challenge was motivated by purposeful racial discrimination, but not until the third step of the \u003Cem\u003EBatson\u003C\/em\u003E procedure, after the State has offered \u0022permissible race-neutral justifications\u0022 for the challenges. Justice Clarence Thomas dissented, arguing that California\u0027s standard was within the procedural leeway provided to States by \u003Cem\u003EBatson\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":41012,"name":"Stephen B. Bedrick","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/stephen_b_bedrick","view_count":0,"last_name":"Bedrick","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"stephen_b_bedrick"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for Petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/18977"},{"advocate":{"ID":42050,"name":"Seth K. 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