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Ceballos notified the attorneys prosecuting the case stemming from that arrest and all agreed that the affidavit was questionable, but the D.A.\u0027s office refused to dismiss the case. Ceballos then told the defense he believed the affidavit contained false statements, and defense counsel subpoenaed him to testify. Seeking damages in federal district court, Ceballos alleged that D.A.s in the office retaliated against him for his cooperation with the defense, which he argued was protected by the First Amendment. The district court ruled that the district attorneys were protected by qualified immunity, but the Ninth Circuit reversed and ruled for Ceballos, holding that qualified immunity was not available to the defendants because Ceballos had been engaged in speech that addressed matters of public concern and was thus protected by the First Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EShould a public employee\u0027s purely job-related speech, expressed strictly pursuant to the duties of employment, be protected by the First Amendment simply because it touched on a matter of public concern, or must the speech also be engaged in \u0022as a citizen?\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a 5-to-4 decision authored by Justice Anthony Kennedy, the Supreme Court held that speech by a public official is only protected if it is engaged in as a private citizen, not if it is expressed as part of the official\u0027s public duties. Ceballos\u0027s employers were justified in taking action against him based on his testimony and cooperation with the defense, therefore, because it happened as part of his official duties. \u0022The fact that his duties sometimes required him to speak or write,\u0022 Justice Kennedy wrote, \u0022does not mean his supervisors were prohibited from evaluating his performance.\u0022 Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg and Breyer dissented.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":18123,"name":"Bonnie I. 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