{"ID":55437,"name":"Morse v. Frederick","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2006\/06-278","view_count":0,"docket_number":"06-278","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Deborah Morse et al.","second_party":"Joseph Frederick","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1164952800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39818"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1174280400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39819"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1182747600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39820"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EAt a school-supervised event, Joseph Frederick held up a banner with the message \u0022Bong Hits 4 Jesus,\u0022 a slang reference to marijuana smoking. Principal Deborah Morse took away the banner and suspended Frederick for ten days. She justified her actions by citing the school\u0027s policy against the display of material that promotes the use of illegal drugs. Frederick sued under 42 U.S.C. 1983, the federal civil rights statute, alleging a violation of his First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The District Court found no constitutional violation and ruled in favor of Morse. The court held that even if there were a violation, the principal had qualified immunity from lawsuit. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed. The Ninth Circuit cited \u003Cem\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022\/cases\/1968\/21\/\u0022\u003ETinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/em\u003E, which extended First Amendment protection to student speech except where the speech would cause a disturbance. Because Frederick was punished for his message rather than for any disturbance, the Circuit Court ruled, the punishment was unconstitutional. Furthermore, the principal had no qualified immunity, because any reasonable principal would have known that Morse\u0027s actions were unlawful.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1) Does the First Amendment allow public schools to prohibit students from displaying messages promoting the use of illegal drugs at school-supervised events?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2) Does a school official have qualified immunity from a damages lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. 1983 when, in accordance with school policy, she disciplines a student for displaying a banner with a drug reference at a school-supervised event?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes and not reached. The Court reversed the Ninth Circuit by a 5-4 vote, ruling that school officials can prohibit students from displaying messages that promote illegal drug use. Chief Justice John Roberts\u0027s majority opinion held that although students do have some right to political speech even while in school, this right does not extend to pro-drug messages that may undermine the school\u0027s important mission to discourage drug use. The majority held that Frederick\u0027s message, though \u0022cryptic,\u0022 was reasonably interpreted as promoting marijuana use - equivalent to \u0022[Take] bong hits\u0022 or \u0022bong hits [are a good thing].\u0022 In ruling for Morse, the Court affirmed that the speech rights of public school students are not as extensive as those adults normally enjoy, and that the highly protective standard set by \u003Cem\u003ETinker\u003C\/em\u003E would not always be applied. In concurring opinions, Justice Thomas expressed his view that the right to free speech does not apply to students and his wish to see \u003Cem\u003ETinker\u003C\/em\u003E overturned altogether, while Justice Alito stressed that the decision applied only to pro-drug messages and not to broader political speech. The dissent conceded that the principal should have had immunity from the lawsuit, but argued that the majority opinion was \u0022[...] deaf to the constitutional imperative to permit unfettered debate, even among high-school students [...].\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":33983,"name":"Kenneth W. Starr","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/kenneth_w_starr","view_count":0,"last_name":"Starr","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"kenneth_w_starr"},"advocate_description":"","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/19437"},{"advocate":{"ID":22617,"name":"Edwin S. 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