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Brentwood Academy","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2006\/06-427","view_count":0,"docket_number":"06-427","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association","second_party":"Brentwood Academy","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1167976800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39717"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1176872400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39718"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1182402000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39719"}],"lower_court":{"ID":11,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/11"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EBrentwood Academy, a private school, was a voluntary member of the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association (TSSAA). After Brentwood\u0027s football coach violated TSSAA recruiting rules by contacting some prospective players at other schools, the TSSAA imposed various penalties on Brentwood. Brentwood sued the TSSAA, claiming that its First Amendment and Due Process rights were being violated. The Supreme Court had ruled previously that because the TSSAA was composed primarily of public schools, it was a state actor subject to the limitations of the Constitution (see \u003Cem\u003EBrentwood Acad. v. TN Sec. School Ath. Assn.\u003C\/em\u003E No. 99-901). Accordingly, the District Court faulted the TSSAA for violations of Brentwood\u0027s constitutional rights and threw out the TSSAA\u0027s penalties.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn appeal, the TSSAA argued that it had not exercised the \u0022police power\u0022 of the State, but merely enforced a voluntary contractual agreement with Brentwood. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth circuit rejected this argument, characterizing the TSSAA\u0027s actions as those of a \u0022government regulator.\u0022 The Sixth Circuit held that the state interest in regulating athletic competition was not substantial enough to counter-balance Brentwood\u0027s First Amendment rights, and it affirmed the lower court\u0027s ruling for Brentwood.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes a voluntary association composed primarily of public schools violate the First Amendment\u0027s protection of free speech when the association punishes a member school for violating athletic recruiting rules that the school agreed to follow?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a unanimous opinion written by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court ruled that \u0022[t]he anti-recruiting rule strikes nowhere near the heart of the First Amendment.\u0022 Brentwood\u0027s speech rights do not extend to potentially coercive one-on-one communications between a coach and potential students, especially after the school voluntarily agreed to the anti-recruiting rule. The Court drew an analogy to the case of \u003Cem\u003EOhralik v. State Bar Assn.\u003C\/em\u003E, in which the justices had ruled that a lawyer\u0027s in-person solicitation of clients was not protected speech. In that case as well as Brentwood\u0027s, activities with a potential for pressure, misrepresentation, or coercion were found to be outside the First Amendment\u0027s scope even though speech was involved. The Court also considered Brentwood\u0027s voluntary acceptance of the anti-recruiting rule to be significant. The TSSAA is allowed to impose limited conditions on the free speech of its members as long as these conditions are necessary for its purposes as an athletic league, and \u0022the First Amendment does not excuse Brentwood\u0022 from abiding by them. In concurring opinions, a narrow majority of justices disagreed with Justice Stevens\u0027s invocation of \u003Cem\u003EOhralik\u003C\/em\u003E on the ground that it was not meant to extend beyond the attorney-client relationship. Justice Thomas recommended that the Court revisit and overrule its previous holding that TSSAA is a state actor.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":36325,"name":"Maureen E. 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