{"ID":55380,"name":"Fry v. Pliler","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2006\/06-5247","view_count":0,"docket_number":"06-5247","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"John Francis Fry","second_party":"Cheryl K. Pliler, Warden","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1165471200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39658"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1174366800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39659"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1181538000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/39660"}],"lower_court":{"ID":5,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/5"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter extraordinarily long deliberations, a jury convicted John Fry of two counts of first degree murder. Near the end of the trial, the defense attempted to bring a witness who would testify that her cousin rather than Fry had committed the murders. The trial judge refused to let the witness testify. After exhausting his state court appeals, Fry petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe District Court held that the trial judge had been wrong to exclude the witness, but it ruled that the decision was harmless error and upheld the conviction. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed, holding that the judge\u0027s decision met the test for harmless error in \u003Cem\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022\/cases\/1992\/91_7358\/\u0022\u003EBrecht v. Abrahamson\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/em\u003E. Under the \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E test, evidence is held to be harmless unless it has a \u0022substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury\u0027s verdict.\u0022 Fry argued that the standard for harmless error in habeas cases should instead be the one defined in \u003Cem\u003E \u003Ca href=\u0022\/cases\/1966\/95\/\u0022\u003EChapman v. California\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/em\u003E. The \u003Cem\u003EChapman\u003C\/em\u003E test requires the state to prove that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1) What standard for determining harmless error applies to habeas cases where the constitutional error is not recognized until the case is appealed to federal court? 2) If the \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E standard applies, does the defense or the prosecution bear the burden of persuasion on the question of injurious influence?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Court held unanimously that a federal court \u0022must assess the prejudicial impact of constitutional error in a state-court criminal trial under the \u0027substantial and injurious effect\u0027 standard set forth in \u003Cem\u003EBrecht\u003C\/em\u003E, [...] whether or not the state appellate court recognized the error and reviewed it for harmlessness under the \u0027harmless beyond a reasonable doubt\u0027 standard set forth in \u003Cem\u003EChapman\u003C\/em\u003E.\u0022 The opinion by Justice Antonin Scalia ruled that neither the Court\u0027s previous precedents nor the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 required courts to use the more stringent \u003Cem\u003EChapman\u003C\/em\u003E standard in such cases. 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