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He was sentenced to 151 months imprisonment. Mr. Boyle appealed arguing that the government\u0027s case against him was factually contradictory. In his trial, the government charged that the robbery was an act of the Boyle Crew enterprise. However, in a previous case it had charged that the robbery was an act of the New Springfield Boys enterprise. Boyle maintained that this contradiction violated his right to due process guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the government\u0027s case was not factually contradictory. It reasoned that \u0022[n]othing dictates that a single crime cannot be committed by two enterprises working together, each in furtherance of its own interests.\u0022 Thus, the trial court did not violate Boyle\u0027s Fifth Amendment due process rights.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIn order prove the association of enterprises in a criminal activity, does the government need to show connections between the enterprises beyond what is apparent in the criminal activity itself?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. The Supreme Court held that, under RICO, the association between criminal enterprises must be shown to have a \u0022structure,\u0022 but the relevant jury instructions need not spell out the precise elements which need be found. With Justice Samuel A. Alito writing for the majority and joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, and Justices Antonin G. Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, David H. Souter, Clarence Thomas, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Court reasoned that a jury need not be instructed to find an \u0022ascertainable structure\u0022 in order to find the association of enterprises because such instructions would be redundant as the jury is already tasked with finding the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt from which it may infer a \u0022structure\u0022 of criminal association.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens dissented and was joined by Justice Stephen G. Breyer. 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