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The CSB did not certify because the results of the test would have promoted a disproportionate number of white candidates in comparison to minority candidates. The plaintiffs argued that their rights under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e, and the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause were violated. The federal district court granted the defendants\u0027 motion for summary judgment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed. It reasoned that the CSB, by refusing to certify the results of the promotional exam, was trying to fulfill its obligations under the rules utilized by the plaintiffs in their argument and therefore was protected in its actions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1) Can a municipality reject results from an otherwise valid civil service exam when the results unintentionally prevent the promotion of minority candidates?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2) Does 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e permit federal courts to relieve municipalities from having to comply with local laws that require strict compliance with race-blind merit selection procedures?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EMaybe; fact dependent. Not answered. The Supreme Court held that by discarding the exams, the City of New Haven violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote the majority joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, and Justices Antonin G. Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel A. Alito. Before an employer can engage in intentional discrimination for the purpose of avoiding a \u0022disparate impact\u0022 on a protected trait (race, color, religion, national origin), the employer must have a \u0022strong basis in evidence\u0022 that it will be subject to \u0022disparate impact liability\u0022 if it fails to take the discriminatory action. Here, the Court reasoned that New Haven failed to prove it had a \u0022strong basis in evidence\u0022 that failing to discard the results of the exam would have subjected it to liability, as the exams were job-related, consistent with business necessity, and there was no evidence that an equally-valid, less-discriminatory alternative was available.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Scalia wrote separately, concurring. He noted that the Court avoided answering whether the \u0022disparate impact\u0022 provision of Title VII was consistent with the Equal Protection Clause. Justice Alito also wrote a concurring opinion and was joined by Justices Scalia and Thomas. He criticized the dissent for omitting key information in reaching its alternate conclusion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Ruth Bader Ginsburg dissented and was joined by Justices John Paul Stevens, David H. Souter, and Stephen G. Breyer. She argued that the City of New Haven had good cause to believe it would be vulnerable to a Title VII lawsuit if it certified the exams. Moreover, she criticized the majority for ignoring \u0022substantial flaws\u0022 in the exam.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":25151,"name":"Gregory S. 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