{"ID":55587,"name":"Arizona v. Gant","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2008\/07-542","view_count":0,"docket_number":"07-542","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Arizona","second_party":"Rodney Joseph Gant","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1203919200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40235"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1223355600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40236"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1240290000],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40237"}],"lower_court":{"ID":24,"name":"Arizona Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/24"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ERodney Gant was apprehended by Arizona state police on an outstanding warrant for driving with a suspended license. After the officers handcuffed Gant and placed him in their squad car, they went on to search his vehicle, discovering a handgun and a plastic bag of cocaine. At trial, Gant asked the judge to suppress the evidence found in his vehicle because the search had been conducted without a warrant in violation of the Fourth Amendment\u0027s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures. The judge declined Gant\u0027s request, stating that the search was a direct result of Gant\u0027s lawful arrest and therefore an exception to the general Fourth Amendment warrant requirement. The court convicted Gant on two counts of cocaine possession.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Arizona Court of Appeals reversed, holding the search unconstitutional, and the Arizona Supreme Court agreed. The Supreme Court stated that exceptions to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement must be justified by concerns for officer safety or evidence preservation. Because Gant left his vehicle voluntarily, the court explained, the search was not directly linked to the arrest and therefore violated the Fourth Amendment. In seeking certiorari, Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard argued that the Arizona Supreme Court\u0027s ruling conflicted with the Court\u0027s precedent, as well as precedents set forth in various federal and state courts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs a search conducted by police officers after handcuffing the defendant and securing the scene a violation of the Fourth Amendment\u0027s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes, under the circumstances of this case. The Supreme Court held that police may search the vehicle of its recent occupant after his arrest only if it is reasonable to believe that the arrestee might access the vehicle at the time of the search or that the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of the arrest. With Justice John Paul Stevens writing for the majority and joined by Justices Antonin G. Scalia, David H. Souter, Clarence Thomas, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Court reasoned that \u0022warrantless searches are per se unreasonable\u0022 and subject only to a few, very narrow exceptions. Here, Mr. Gant was arrested for a suspended license and the narrow exceptions did not apply to his case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Scalia wrote separately, concurring. Justice Samuel A. Alito dissented and was joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, and Justices Anthony M. Kennedy and Stephen G. Breyer. He argued that the majority improperly overruled its precedent in \u003Cem\u003ENew York v. Belton\u003C\/em\u003E which held that \u0022when a policeman has made a lawful arrest\u2026 he may, as a contemporaneous incident of that arrest, search the passenger compartment of that automobile.\u0022 Justice Stephen G. Breyer also wrote a separate dissenting opinion, where he lamented that the court could not create a new governing rule.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELearn more about the Roberts Court and the Fourth Amendment in \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/projects.oyez.org\/shifting-scales\/\u0022\u003EShifting Scales\u003C\/a\u003E, a nonpartisan Oyez resource.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":31664,"name":"Joseph T. Maziarz","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/joseph_t_maziarz","view_count":0,"last_name":"Maziarz","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"joseph_t_maziarz"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/19780"},{"advocate":{"ID":17293,"name":"Anthony A. 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