{"ID":55618,"name":"Hedgpeth v. 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He claimed that he was only involved in the robbery after the shooting had taken place. On appeal, Mr. Pulido argued that the jury instructions were in error and allowed a jury to convict him as an accomplice in the robbery and murder, even if he only took part in the robbery. The California Supreme Court refused to overturn the conviction holding that the error was harmless because the jury had specifically found that Mr. Pulido aided the robbery during the murder.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMr. Pulido sought and was granted habeas relief by a federal district court in California. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed. It held that instructing a jury on multiple theories of guilt, one of which was legally improper, was \u0022structural error\u0022 entitling Mr. Pulido to automatic relief and exempted the instructions from \u0022harmless-error\u0022 review.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EAre jury instructions that instruct a jury on multiple theories of guilt, one of which is legally improper, necessarily \u0022structural error\u0022 that exempts the instructions from a harmless-error review?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. In a 6-3 per curiam opinion, the Supreme Court held that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit inaccurately categorized the type of jury instructions in Mr. Pulido\u0027s case as \u0022structural error.\u0022 It reasoned that one instructional error arising in the context of multiple theories of guilt does not necessarily spoil all the jury\u0027s findings, which would entitle the convicted individual to automatic relief. Rather, the Court found that the jury instructions in Mr. Pulido\u0027s case should be evaluated by whether they caused a \u0022substantial and injurious effect\u0022 upon the jury reaching its verdict. The Court vacated Mr. Pulido\u0027s conviction and remanded the case to the court of appeals for proceedings consistent with the decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice John Paul Stevens dissented, joined by Justices David H. Souter and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. They found the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit merely misused the term \u0022structural error\u0022 in its opinion, while it actually utilized the analytical model advocated by the majority opinion. They reasoned that in the interests of efficiency, the Supreme Court should have affirmed the court of appeals rather than have it repeat largely the same analysis.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":30243,"name":"Jeremy Friedlander","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jeremy_friedlander","view_count":0,"last_name":"Friedlander","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jeremy_friedlander"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/19854"},{"advocate":{"ID":32251,"name":"J. 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