{"ID":55584,"name":"Pleasant Grove City v. Summum","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2008\/07-665","view_count":0,"docket_number":"07-665","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Pleasant Grove City, Utah et al.","second_party":"Summum","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1206939600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40226"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1226469600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40227"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1235541600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40228"}],"lower_court":{"ID":14,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/14"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ESummum, a religious organization, sent a letter to the mayor of Pleasant Grove, Utah asking to place a monument in one of the city\u0027s parks. Although the park already housed a monument to the Ten Commandments, the mayor denied Summum\u0027s request because the monument did not \u0022directly relate to the history of Pleasant Grove.\u0022 Summum filed suit against the city in federal court citing, among other things, a violation of its First Amendment free speech rights. The U.S. District Court for the District of Utah denied Summum\u0027s request for a preliminary injunction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit reversed the district court and granted Summum\u0027s injunction request. The Tenth Circuit held that the park was in fact a \u0022public\u0022 forum, not a non-public forum as the district court had held. Furthermore, Summum demonstrated that it would suffer irreparable harm if the injunction were to be denied, and the interests of the city did not outweigh this potential harm. The injunction, according to the court, was also not against the public interest.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes a city\u0027s refusal to place a religious organization\u0027s monument in a public park violate that organization\u0027s First Amendment free speech rights when the park already contains a monument from a different religious group?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo. The Supreme Court reversed the Tenth Circuit holding that the placement of a monument in a public park is a form of government speech and therefore not subject to scrutiny under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. With Justice Samuel A. Alito writing for the majority and joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Justices John Paul Stevens, Antonin G. Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen G. Breyer, the Court reasoned that since Pleasant Grove City had retained final authority over which monuments were displayed, the monuments represented an expression of the city\u0027s viewpoints and thus government speech.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Stevens, joined by Justice Ginsburg, wrote a separate concurring opinion that largely embraced the majority\u0027s reasoning. Justice Scalia, joined by Justice Thomas, also wrote a separate concurring opinion. Agreeing with the Court\u0027s reasoning, he also noted that there were likely no violations of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment on the part of Pleasant Grove City. He argued that displays of the Ten Commandments had been construed by the Court as \u0022having an undeniable historical meaning\u0022 and thus did not attempt to establish a religion. Justice Breyer also wrote a separate concurring opinion in which he noted that \u0022government speech\u0022 should be considered a rule of thumb and not a rigid category. He stated that sometimes the Court should ask \u0022whether a government\u0027s actions burdens speech disproportionately in light of the action\u0027s tendency to further a legitimate government objective.\u0022 Justice Souter also wrote separately, concurring in the judgment, but warning that public monuments should not be considered government speech categorically.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":33043,"name":"Jay Alan Sekulow","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/jay_alan_sekulow","view_count":0,"last_name":"Sekulow","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"jay_alan_sekulow"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/19771"},{"advocate":{"ID":21060,"name":"Daryl Joseffer","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/daryl_joseffer","view_count":0,"last_name":"Joseffer","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"daryl_joseffer"},"advocate_description":"Deputy Solicitor General, Department of Justice, argued the cause for the United States, as amicus curiae, supporting the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/19772"},{"advocate":{"ID":37954,"name":"Pamela Harris","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/pamela_harris","view_count":0,"last_name":"Harris","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"pamela_harris"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/19773"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":21703,"title":"Oral Argument - November 12, 2008","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/21703"}],"citation":{"volume":"555","page":null,"year":"2009","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/20817"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15086,"name":"John G. 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