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In that case, the Supreme Court held that a District of Columbia handgun ban violated the Second Amendment. There, the Court reasoned that the law in question was enacted under the authority of the federal government and, thus, the Second Amendment was applicable. Here, plaintiffs argued that the Second Amendment should also apply to the states. The district court dismissed the suits. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EDoes the Second Amendment apply to the states because it is incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment\u0027s Privileges and Immunities or Due Process clauses and thereby made applicable to the states?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Supreme Court reversed the Seventh Circuit, holding that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense applicable to the states. With Justice Samuel A. Alito writing for the majority, the Court reasoned that rights that are \u0022fundamental to the Nation\u0027s scheme of ordered liberty\u0022 or that are \u0022deeply rooted in this Nation\u0027s history and tradition\u0022 are appropriately applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court recognized in \u003Cem\u003EHeller\u003C\/em\u003E that the right to self-defense was one such \u0022fundamental\u0022 and \u0022deeply rooted\u0022 right. The Court reasoned that because of its holding in \u003Cem\u003EHeller\u003C\/em\u003E, the Second Amendment applied to the states. Here, the Court remanded the case to the Seventh Circuit to determine whether Chicago\u0027s handgun ban violated an individual\u0027s right to keep and bear arms for self-defense.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Alito, writing in the plurality, specified that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment right recognized in \u003Cem\u003EHeller\u003C\/em\u003E. He rejected Justice Clarence Thomas\u0027s separate claim that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment more appropriately incorporates the Second Amendment against the states. Alito stated that the Court\u0027s decision in the \u003Cem\u003ESlaughterhouse Cases\u003C\/em\u003E -- rejecting the use of the Privileges or Immunities Clause for the purpose of incorporation -- was long since decided and the appropriate avenue for incorporating rights was through the Due Process Clause.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Antonin Scalia concurred. He agreed with the Court\u0027s opinion, but wrote separately to disagree with Justice John Paul Stevens\u0027 dissent. Justice Clarence Thomas concurred and concurred in the judgment. He agreed that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against the states, but disagreed that the Due Process Clause was the appropriate mechanism. Instead, Justice Thomas advocated that the Privileges or Immunities Clause was the more appropriate avenue for rights incorporation. Justice John Paul Stevens dissented. He disagreed that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against the states. He argued that owning a personal firearm was not a \u0022liberty\u0022 interest protected by the Due Process Clause. Justice Stephen G. Breyer, joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sonia Sotomayor, also dissented. He argued that there is nothing in the Second Amendment\u0027s \u0022text, history, or underlying rationale\u0022 that characterizes it as a \u0022fundamental right\u0022 warranting incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":16041,"name":"Alan Gura","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/alan_gura","view_count":0,"last_name":"Gura","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"alan_gura"},"advocate_description":"for the petitioners","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20002"},{"advocate":{"ID":37772,"name":"Paul D. 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