{"ID":55711,"name":"Johnson v. United States","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2009\/08-6925","view_count":0,"docket_number":"08-6925","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Curtis Darnell Johnson","second_party":"United States","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1235368800],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40563"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1254805200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40564"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1267509600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/40565"}],"lower_court":{"ID":15,"name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/15"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003ECurtis Johnson was convicted in a Florida federal district court for possession of ammunition by a convicted felon. He was sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) because the district court determined that his three earlier convictions constituted \u0022violent felonies.\u0022 Mr. Curtis appealed arguing that one of his prior convictions was for battery and the Florida Supreme Court had held the Florida battery law did not constitute a \u0022violent felony.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that Mr. Johnson\u0027s prior battery conviction under Florida law constituted a \u0022violent felony\u0022 under the ACCA. The court reasoned that the force requirement of the definition for a \u0022violent felony\u0022 was satisfied by the \u0022touching or striking\u0022 element under the state battery law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1) Was the Eleventh Circuit bound by the Florida Supreme Court\u0027s holding that its state battery law did not have, as an element, the \u0022use or threatened use of physical force?\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2) Is a prior state conviction for battery in all cases a \u0022violent felony?\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. No. The Supreme Court held that while the meaning of \u0022physical force\u0022 in the ACCA is a question of federal law, not state law, the Court was bound by the Florida Supreme Court\u0027s interpretation of state law, including its determination of the elements of a Florida statute. Writing for the majority, Justice Antonin Scalia held that the Florida felony offense of battery by \u0022actually and intentionally touching\u0022 another person does not have \u0022as an element the use . . . of physical force against the person of another.\u0022 The Court reasoned that within the context of the ACCA \u0022physical force\u0022 means violent force, which rises beyond mere actual and intentional touching. Consequently, the Florida offense of battery does not constitute a \u0022violent felony\u0022 under the ACCA.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Samuel A. Alito, joined by Justice Clarence Thomas, dissented. Justice Alito stated that the classic definition of the crime of battery is the \u0022intentional application of unlawful force against the person of another.\u0022 He argued that under such a definition, battery falls squarely within the plain language of the ACCA.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":34204,"name":"Lisa Call","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/lisa_call","view_count":0,"last_name":"Call","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"lisa_call"},"advocate_description":"argued the cause for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20039"},{"advocate":{"ID":34700,"name":"Leondra R. 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