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He was held for 16 days as a material witness in the terrorism trial of Sami Omar al-Hussayen. Al-Kidd has since argued the government classified him as a material witness because it lacked enough evidence to hold him as a suspect. He filed a lawsuit against then-Attorney General John Ashcroft personally, claiming that he created and authorized a program that allegedly misused the material witness statute to detain suspected terrorists.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe lawsuit did not go to trial and in September 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected Ashcroft\u0027s bid for absolute immunity, holding that it didn\u0027t apply because the government\u0027s motive for arresting Al-Kidd allegedly had nothing to do with the al-Hussayen prosecution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003EIs the former government official entitled to qualified immunity from the pretext claim based on the conclusions that (a) the Fourth Amendment prohibits an officer from executing a valid material witness warrant with the intent of conducting further investigation or preventively detaining the subject; and (b) this Fourth Amendment rule was clearly established at the time of Al-Kidd\u0027s arrest?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003EYes. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court order in an opinion by Justice Antonin Scalia. \u0022Efficient and even-handed application of the law demands that we look to whether the arrest is objectively justified, rather than to the motive of the arresting officer,\u0022 Scalia wrote.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Anthony Kennedy filed a concurring opinion, in which Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor joined as to Part I. Kennedy expressed concern that the court\u0027s \u0022holding is limited to the arguments presented by the parties and leaves unresolved whether the government\u0027s use of the Material Witness Statute in this case was lawful.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGinsburg filed a separate opinion concurring in the judgment, in which Justices Breyer and Sotomayor joined. Ginsburg also addressed the Material Witness Statute and wrote that Al-Kidd\u0027s \u0022ordeal is a grim reminder of the need to install safeguards against disrespect for human dignity, constraints that will control officialdom even in perilous times.\u0022\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, Justice Sotomayor filed an opinion concurring in the judgment, in which Justices Ginsburg and Breyer joined. \u0022Whether the Fourth Amendment permits the pretextual use of a material witness warrant for preventive detention of an individual whom the Government has no intention of using at trial is, in my view, a closer question than the majority\u0027s opinion suggests,\u0022 Sotomayor declared.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Elena Kagan took no part in consideration of the case.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":37171,"name":"Neal Kumar Katyal","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/neal_kumar_katyal","view_count":0,"last_name":"Katyal","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"neal_kumar_katyal"},"advocate_description":"Acting Solicitor General, Department of Justice, for the petitioner","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20090"},{"advocate":{"ID":34522,"name":"Lee Gelernt","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/people\/lee_gelernt","view_count":0,"last_name":"Gelernt","roles":null,"thumbnail":null,"length_of_service":0,"identifier":"lee_gelernt"},"advocate_description":"for the respondent","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_advocate\/case_advocate\/20091"}],"oral_argument_audio":[{"id":23016,"title":"Oral Argument - March 02, 2011","public_note":null,"unavailable":null,"display_title":null,"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_media\/oral_argument_audio\/23016"}],"citation":{"volume":"563","page":"731","year":"2011","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_citation\/case_citation\/19657"},"decisions":[{"description":null,"votes":[{"member":{"ID":15086,"name":"John G. 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