{"ID":55893,"name":"Blueford v. Arkansas","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/cases\/2011\/10-1320","view_count":0,"docket_number":"10-1320","additional_docket_numbers":null,"manner_of_jurisdiction":"Writ of \u003Ci\u003Ecertiorari\u003C\/i\u003E","first_party":"Alex Blueford","second_party":"Arkansas","timeline":[{"event":"Granted","dates":[1318309200],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41042"},{"event":"Argued","dates":[1329890400],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41043"},{"event":"Decided","dates":[1337835600],"href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/case_timeline\/case_timeline\/41044"}],"lower_court":{"ID":25,"name":"Arkansas Supreme Court","href":"https:\/\/api.oyez.org\/taxonomy\/term\/25"},"facts_of_the_case":"\u003Cp\u003EOn November 28, 2007, Alex Blueford and a friend of his were left in charge of the 20-month-old son of Blueford\u0027s live-in girlfriend. Approximately one hour after being left with the child, Blueford\u0027s friend called emergency services because the child was having difficulty breathing. The child died two days after being rushed to the hospital. A medical examiner concluded that the cause of death was a close head injury, and the State of Arkansas subsequently brought several charges against Blueford for the death of the child.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe state charged Blueford with capital murder, first-degree murder, manslaughter, and negligent homicide. At the conclusion of the trial, the court instructed the jury to consider each charge one at a time, and to consider the greater offenses before lesser offenses. After over four hours of deliberation, the jury returned. The forewoman stated that the jury was deadlocked. The Judge asked the forewoman about each charge, and she stated that the jury was unanimously against the capital murder charge, unanimously against the first-degree murder charge, and deadlocked on the manslaughter charge. The jury returned for further deliberation but remained deadlocked. The judge released the jury, and the court declared a mistrial.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe state sought to retry Blueford on all charges. Blueford filed a motion to dismiss the capital murder and first-degree murder charges on double jeopardy grounds, arguing that the jury had made a decision on those two counts. The trial court denied the motion on the basis that the juror\u0027s communication to the judge was a casual communication and not an acquittal. Blueford made an interlocutory appeal to the Supreme Court of Arkansas, which affirmed the trial court\u0027s denial of the motion. After the Supreme Court of Arkansas denied Blueford\u0027s petition for rehearing, Blueford appealed the decision.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","question":"\u003Cp\u003E1. Did the jury forewoman\u0027s announcements of unanimous votes on capital and first-degree murder constitute acquittals under the Fifth Amendment\u0027s Double Jeopardy Clause, prohibiting Arkansas from retrying Blueford on those charges?\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E2. Was there was a manifest necessity to declare a mistrial on charges of capital and first-degree murder?\u003C\/p\u003E\n","conclusion":"\u003Cp\u003ENo and yes. In a 6-3 decision written by Chief Justice John Roberts, the Court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause did not prohibit Arkansas from retrying Blueford on charges of capital and first-degree murder. Chief Justice Roberts rejected Blueford\u0027s argument that the jury actually acquitted him of capital and first-degree murder. He determined that the forewoman\u0027s report was not a final resolution of anything, reasoning that the jury instructions left the jury free to reconsider its vote on the capital and first-degree murder charges after the forewoman\u0027s report. Unlike cases where acquittal on lesser charges precluded retrial on greater charges, the jury\u0027s decision here was not final.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChief Justice Roberts also held that the trial court\u0027s declaration of a mistrial was proper, rejecting Blueford\u0027s argument that there was not manifest necessity to declare a mistrial. Blueford conceded that a jury deadlock was the classic basis for declaring a mistrial, and accepted that a second trial on manslaughter and negligent homicide would not pose a double jeopardy problem. Although Blueford argued that the court should have given effect to the jury\u0027s unanimous votes on capital and first-degree murder, Chief Justice Roberts noted that Arkansas law only allowed for a guilty verdict on one or more charges, or a complete acquittal on all charges.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJustice Sonia Sotomayor dissented, joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Elena Kagan. She characterized the forewoman\u0027s announcements of unanimous votes on capital and first-degree murder as acquittals, arguing that Arkansas required a jury to acquit on greater charges before considering lesser charges. She also disagreed that the jury was free to reconsider its unanimous votes on the charges. Finally, Justice Sotomayor argued that manifest necessity required trial judges in acquittal-first jurisdictions to honor requests for a partial verdict before declaring a mistrial; moreover, there was no clear necessity for a mistrial.\u003C\/p\u003E\n","advocates":[{"advocate":{"ID":20126,"name":"Clifford M. 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